Traditional Delivery
Will the traditional delivery systems – television, Internet, radio, telephone and print – adequately disseminate terrorism related information?
The traditional delivery systems-television, Internet, radio, telephone and print will adequately disseminate terrorism related information. This is because no communication system is perfect. There are natural disasters that are difficult to predict thus it may be difficult for the public to understand and irregularity factor may be increased tenfold with terrorist actions. Many media services usually warn the public on violence cases that are mostly predicted by scientists. However, some predictions will never eliminate violence cases such as disaster the same way politics will never eliminate terrorism. Warnings and predictions do vary and they are different in terrorism elimination. Most of terrorism related information is disseminated through telephones or Internet thus the public perhaps need to be educated in order to understand and become aware of illicit information (Alexander, 2002).
In addition, Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, Ergin, Westerman and Yeletaysi (2006) point out that inadequate information will make the public to overestimate their personal vulnerability because of incorrect information. Media choice matters a lot when communicating to the public about terrorism matters. Sometimes media communication may not be made open to the public because it is impossible to overstate the importance of creating good relationships with anyone who will get the message even if it means using the traditional delivery systems. At times, it quite challenging when traditional delivery systems presents to the public about terrorism hazards. For instance, warning systems needs to be delivered in a logical way of dissemination about terrorism cases. One needs to consider minority language, individual with special needs and the remoteness of the place. This is because the overall dissemination process is different and some media systems are unreliable under dangerous conditions whereas others are susceptible to hacking than others.
What are the budgetary and other challenges that impede the creation of a DHS program at the state and local levels?
The budgetary and other challenges that impede the creation of a DHS program are diverse. First, the funding system of the homeland has been increasing in the United States and this program has been given appropriate resources needed to reduce terrorism cases. However, the DHS program faces diverse challenges in the implementation of this program because of the size and complexity especially the exceptionally critical situation of the nation’s security. Secondly, the federal government interactions and law enforcements in the state and at local levels have led to increased challenges. The government of Obama’s administration has continued to shy away from their assistance and have stopped participating in many areas specifically the immigration enforcement laws.
Lastly, the funding problems hinder the ability of the state and local levels’ abilities to carry out better plans of securing the same challenges that affect the nation’s ability to respond to the nation’s risks and threats. It has been proven that some of the funding system are ineffective hence increasing the budget in every time. Bullock et. al (2006) comments that the DHS has received much criticism because of mismanagement of grant resources. Moreover, there is increased cyber insecurity thus the federal government is required to fund cyber security. This is because cyber insecurity has been a major threat to both in the state and in local level. However, the homeland security budget’s spending system does not match with the DHS’s mission.
Is the extent of involvement dependent on funding, personnel resources, the status of the emergency management director’s position—full-time, part-time, or volunteer—and so on?
Mainly, the involvement of DHS is dependent on funding from donors, volunteers and even personal resources. The DHS’s mission requires that the state government represent those challenges facing this department. In addition, the budget of the President should indicate that the money is allocated well. This is because misallocation of resources has made the state to depend on grants and personnel resources to support terrorism cases. This department is not well resourced because of inadequate resources and some states have huge debts that they are required to pay back.
What nontraditional agencies have now been included under the homeland security and emergency management umbrella? Describe the historical versus the current (pre- and post 9/11).
The United States homeland security system has four functional disciplines that dates back in the pre-date 9/11 and Hurricane in Katarina. These structures include mobilization for war, counterterrorism, management emergency and civil defense. These structures have contributed to interagency and intergovernmental dimensions in the private and nongovernmental sectors are both involved. In the 1990s, these structures joined in order to institutionalize them together to form a single unit. In 195 during the bombing of Oklahoma City, terrorism prompted the administration of President Clinton to issue the counterterrorism policy (Lansford, Pauly and Covarrubias, 2006).
In addition, the post 9/11 now recognizes both counterterrorism and infrastructure protection. After Hurricane in Katarina, DHS attempted to rebalance protection and response priorities under the responsibility of all-hazards preparedness. The congress was held to restructure the homeland security system. Throughout history of the United States nation, the nontraditional agencies were included in the current doctrinal basis in the planning for all-hazards response. In the Act of Homeland Security in 2002, the federal government implemented the harmonized response for terrorist attacks. In 2008 and up to date, strategic plans were formulated and a set of national priorities that required funding were put in place.
Did the new structure address an all-hazards multidisciplinary approach?
All the new structures addressed an all-hazards multidisciplinary approach. However, not all the states or local structures became uniform. Since 9/11, applications of security measures have been applied in both local and the sate level. The anti-terrorism and security measures have been applied in government and non-government entities. All the new structures became widely used in addressing the cases of terrorism and all-hazards issues in the states.
References
Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of emergency planning and management. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press.
Bullock, J., Haddow, G., Coppola, D., Ergin, E., Westerman, L. & Yeletaysi, S. (2006).
Introduction to homeland security, 2e. Boston: Elsevier.
Lansford, T., Pauly, R. J., & Covarrubias, J. (2006). To protect and defend: US homeland
security policy. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
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