Question 1
Using this table, which of the following is the incidence density of whooping cough in year 2 in the population that was sampled, given that there were 190 people at risk after year 1?
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
2 1st quarter .25 .5
4 2nd quarter .50 2
3 3rd quarter .75 2.25
9 4.75
(Hint: Number left contributing 1 person year each is 190 – 9 = 181)
Answer
.4%
4.8%
.5%
1.9%
Question 2
Which of the following statements about cumulative incidence and/or incidence density is true?
Answer
The formula for cumulative incidence is the number of new cases divided by the number at risk in person-time years.
The formula for incidence density is the number of new cases divided by the number at risk in person-time years.
The formula for incidence density is the number of existing cases divided by the number at risk in person-time years.
The formula for cumulative incidence is the number of existing cases divided by the number at risk in person-time years.
Question 3
Using this table, which of the following is the incidence density of lung cancer in year 2 in the population that was sampled, given that there were 190 people at risk after year 1?
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
4 1st quarter .25 1
12 2nd quarter .50 6
6 3rd quarter .75 4.5
22 11.5
(Hint: Number left contributing 1 person year each is 190 – 22 = 168)
Answer
12%
5%
1.9%
11.5%
Question 4
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct risk ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated (yes disease) or (no disease)
Yes No
Yes exposed 52 14 66
No not exposed 12 82 94
Total 64 96 160
Answer
6
5.6
.8
3
Question 5
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of smoking in the population that was sampled?
Total number respondents: 80,000
Number of respondents who smoke: 14,243
Answer
.2
.17%
17%
7%
Question 6
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct odds ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated as case (yes disease) or control (no)
Case Control
Yes exposed 34 29 63
No not exposed 31 36 67
Total 65 65 130
Answer
.8
1.4
3.8
.5
Question 7
Which of the following statements about prevalence and/or incidence is true?
Answer
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the prevalence.
Incidence is based on a sample, while prevalence is based on a population.
Prevalence is an estimate of the true incidence of disease in a population.
You need to know the number of people at risk at the beginning of the year to calculate the cumulative incidence for that year.
Question 8
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of diabetes in the population that was sampled?
Total number respondents: 245,000
Number of respondents diagnosed with diabetes: 27,346
Answer
11%
1.1%
1.2%
.11%
Question 9
Using these numbers, which of the following is the prevalence of heart disease in the population that was sampled?
Total number respondents: 345,000
Number of respondents diagnosed with heart disease: 49,999
Answer
5%
.14%
1.4%
14%
Question 10
Using this 2 x 2 table, determine which of the following is the correct risk ratio.
Exposure to variable
of interest Existence of Disease designated (yes disease) or (no disease)
Yes No
Yes exposed 34 17 51
No not exposed 24 27 51
Total 58 44 102
Answer
2.2
1.4
3
.7
Question 11
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 2 of flu in the population that was sampled?
Year Number at Risk New Cases
1 250 34
2 250 47
Answer
14%
19%
16%
8%
Question 12
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 1 of breast cancer in the population that was sampled?
Year Number at Risk New Cases
1 240 22
2 240 16
Answer
9%
6%
8%
.8%
Question 13
Which of the following is true about the difference between an odds ratio and a risk ratio?
Answer
The odds ratio requires you to know the true prevalence of a disease.
The risk ratio is the best formula to use with Case-Control studies.
The odds ratio works best with Case-Control studies.
You can use either the odds ratio or the risk ratio with Case-Control studies, as the result will be the same with both.
Question 14
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of an incident density of 5%?
Answer
There were 5 new cases diagnosed in the past year.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 person-time years of people at risk.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 15
Using these numbers, complete the following table. What is the value for "a" in the table:
Number diagnosed When diagnosed Multiplier based on time of diagnosis Total Person-Years
6 1st quarter .25
4 2nd quarter .50
8 3rd quarter .75
18 "a"
Answer
18
9.5
6
1.5
Question 16
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of an odds ratio of 2.9?
Answer
The odds of a disease given a specific exposure are 2.9 times the odds of disease without that exposure.
There are 2.9 people per year diagnosed with a given disease.
If 100 people are exposed to a risk factor for a disease, 2.9 people will get the disease in 1 year.
The odds of a disease given no exposure to risk are 2.9 times the odds of disease given exposure to risk.
Question 17
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a cumulative incidence of 5%?
Answer
None are true.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 person-time years.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people at risk.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 18
Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a prevalence of 5%?
Answer
There were 5 new cases diagnosed in the past year.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people at risk.
There were 5 new cases diagnosed per 100 people in the sample.
There are 5 people with the disease in a sample of 100 people.
Question 19
Using these numbers, which of the following is the cumulative incidence in year 2 of lung cancer in the population that was sampled?
Year Number Sampled Total Cases at end of the year
1 50 4
2 50 8
Answer
8%
16%
.8%
1.6%
Question 20
Which of the following is true about the difference between an odds ratio and a risk ratio?
Answer
The odds ratio is always higher than the risk ratio.
It is always best to use the odds ratio, if possible.
The odds ratio is a good estimate of the risk ratio when the risk ratio is less than 10.
The odds ratio is a good estimate of the risk ratio when the disease being studied is rare.
Question 1
1.
If the standard deviation of a sample is 4 what is the variance?
Answer
4
2
8
16
1 points
Question 2
1.
Which of the following levels of measurement are always continuous?
Answer
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
a and b
1 points
Question 3
Which of the following is true about descriptive statistics?
Answer
It allows you to test your hypotheses.
Which descriptive statistic you use does not depend on the level of measurement of the variable.
It is always presented in a table.
It helps you to represent your data either numerically or graphically.
1 points
Question 4
What is the standard deviation for the following sample of 10 numbers with a mean of 6: 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 8, 8, 9, 10?
Answer
7.1
2.7
64
10
1 points
Question 5
Which of the following is one of the measures to use when describing the central tendency of a continuous variable?
Answer
Mean
Frequency
Standard deviation
Variance
1 points
Question 6
Which of the following is an example of a population?
Answer
A group of sixth grade boys willing to participate in after-school activities for a study.
All the sixth graders for whom you have heights and weights at a given school.
All the sixth graders attending school in a specific school district based on enrollment records
A national survey of sixth graders
1 points
Question 7
Which of the following is a reason to use a sample rather than the population to gather information?
Answer
As long as it is representative and random it is just as good as using the whole population.
It gives you a smaller number of records to work with.
It allows you to compute parameters.
None of the above.
1 points
Question 8
What would be a representative sample of infants born in the state of South Carolina in 1998?
Answer
The natality records for South Carolina in 1998.
A random sample of birth records weighted to represent all racial and ethnic groups.
All the birth records from a random sample of hospitals in South Carolina.
You cannot get a representative sample for this population.
1 points
Question 9
Which of the following is the median of these 8 numbers: 5, 9, 9, 7, 5, 8, 6, 7?
Answer
5
7
4.5
6.5
1 points
Question 10
How is a statistic different from a parameter?
Answer
A statistic is an estimate based on a sample, while a parameter is a number based on the population
A statistic is an estimate of a sample, while a parameter is an estimate of a population.
They are not different.
A parameter estimates a statistic of the population.
1 points
Question 11
Which of the following is the median of these 8 numbers: 4, 8, 7, 3, 4, 7, 5, 6?
Answer
5
6
5.5
6.5
1 points
Question 12
Which of the following is the median of these 8 numbers: 4, 8, 9, 7, 5, 6, 4, 7?
Answer
5
6
4.5
6.5
1 points
Question 13
Which descriptive statistic would best describe the answer to a Likert scale question (1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, etc)?
Answer
Frequency
Variance
Mean
None of the above
1 points
Question 14
Which of the following is the mean of these 8 numbers: 4, 8, 9, 7, 3, 6, 4, 7?
Answer
5
6
4.5
6.5
1 points
Question 15
Which of the levels of measurement listed below is the highest level you could use for age when grouped in categories such as 21-30, 31-40, 41-50?
Answer
Nominal
Ordinal
Normal
Interval
1 points
Question 16
Which descriptive statistic would best describe the variable BMI (when presented as an interval) in your sample?
Answer
Frequency
Median
Mean
Variance
1 points
Question 17
What level of measurement is BMI?
Answer
Nominal
Ordinal
Categorical
Interval
1 points
Question 18
Which of the following is the median of these 8 numbers: 9, 7, 5, 8, 6, 7, 4, 8?
Answer
5
7
4.5
6.5
1 points
Question 19
Which of the following is the mean of these 6 numbers: 4, 8, 7, 3, 4, 7?
Answer
5
6
5.5
6.5
1 points
Question 20
What level of measurement is sex?
Answer
Nominal
Ordinal
Scale
interval
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