Exam Review: What does Descartes claim is the essence of the “I”?
Answer these short answer questions in 2 sentences.
Refer to Descartes Meditation part 1 and 2 to answer these questions in 2 sentences:
1). What does Descartes claim is the essence of the “I”?
2). What does Descartes think we can really know about the ball of wax he mentions in the Second meditation?
3). What are Descartes three stages of doubt outlined in the first meditation?
4). What do dreams and hallucinations tell us about the relationship between the cause and the content of our perceptions in Descartes’ Meditations?
Refer to Hume’s enquiry concerning human understanding to answer these short answer questions in 2 sentences:
5. According to Hume, knowledge claims divide into two groups, what are they? Give an example of each.
6. What does Hume claim if the source of origin of all of our knowledge?
7. Explain the difference between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge.
8. According to Hume, is knowledge of causality a relation of ideas or a matter of fact?
9. What does Hume say is the difference between impressions and ideas?
10. What is inductive reasoning? Give an example.
11. What is rationalism?
12. What is empiricism?
Refer to Nietzche’s readings to answer these questions in 2 sentences (I have attached 2 readings by Nietzche)
13. What is the difference between truth and lies according to Nietzche?
14. What does Nietzche say is “problematic” about Socrates?
15. What is the difference between objective and subjective knowledge?
16. What does Nietzche mean by decadence?
Refer to reading by Machiavelli to answer this question in 2 sentences:
17. How does Machiavelli think we should begin thinking about politics?
Refer to reading by Plato to answer this question in 2 sentences:
18. For Plato, is knowledge from our senses valued more or less than the knowledge had through reason?
Answer these Essay questions in 4 double spaced pages.
1). Throughout the course, we’ve read defenses of both rationalism (e.g, Descartes) and empiricism (e.g., Hume). Carefully define each position and discuss any relevant strengths or weaknesses by referencing course readings.
2). What does Nietzsche mean when he says that the truth are “illusions which we have forgotten are illusions-they are metaphors that have become worn over and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins? Explain Nietzsche’s position.
3. Hume writes, “We cannot give a satisfactory reason why we believe, after a thousand experiments, that a stone will fall or fire burn.” (1). Why not? What is the problem? He says later, “In vain do you pretend to have learned the nature of bodies from your past experience… My practice, you say, refutes my doubts” (2). Why, if Hume is right do we nevertheless believe that a stone will fall or fire burn?
4. Nietzsche calls Socrates “ the most questionable phenomenon in antiquity.” Using material from our Plato and Nietzsche readings discuss what Nietzsche thinks is so problematic about Socrates. Do you agree?
5. Hume argues that “the knowledge of this relation [cause and effect] is not in any instance attained by reasonings a priori; but arises entirely from experience when we find that any particular objects are constantly conjoined with each other. What is the significance of this argument? What are its implications from our knowledge?
6. Nietzsche compares the philosopher and the poet at the end of “On truth and Lies”. Explain what he means by this distinction and why he draws it.
The paper requirements are that please make sure that you have answered all of the questions. Please number the answers as well according to the order in which I have arranged them so I will know what question you have answered. Also please do not use any outside sources at all. Use only the sources that I have provided to you here.
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