Annotated Bibliography
Overview of Olinda/EXM
Olinda/EXM stands for organ level internal dose assessment exponential modeling software. This is new computer software which performs kinetic modeling and dose calculations for radiopharmaceutical. The software helps in calculating radiation doses to various body organs from radiopharmaceuticals that are systematically administered. They perform regression analysis on the user supplied biokinetic data in support of these calculations specifically for drugs associated with nuclear medicine. The OLINDA|EXM® is presently availed to window based personal computers through a fee per copy agreement (Vue e, 2013)
Annotated Bibliography
Search tool: (Google Scholar) search terms, Medical Calculation, Significance of Olinda/ EXM, Overview of Olinda/ EXM, Olinda calculation tool. Search results. 259
Sparks, R and Cowe, E (2005). OLINDA/EXM: The Second-Generation
Personal Computer Software for Internal Dose Assessment in Nuclear Medicine . Journal of Nuclear medicine Available on http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/46/6/1023.short
In this edition of the Journal of Nuclear Medicine, the authors Sparks and Cowe documents the main function of a clinical computer software OLINDA/EXM version 1.0. They explain that the software was established as a replacement of the famous MIRDOSE3.1 code. They also identify the similarities and differences with the MIRDOSE software. In the testing done by the authors to ascertain these differences, the authors point out that during the testing phases, they created a code α- and β- after which a pre-market notification form was filled with the drug and food administration in permitting the marketing of the software. In June 2004, the administration granted them with permission and Vanderbilt University became until recently the main producer of the code. A result of the testing indicates that the agreement of doses between OLINDA/EXM and OLINDA/EXM was fine. Its range was between 1%–2%. The authors concluded by saying that the extensive test of OLINDA/EXM code when based on the comparison with the literature based calculations and with the extensively tested and accepted MIRDOSE3.1 code, ought to give users assurances in its output. The authors explain in this journal that the OLINDA/EXM should be easily adapted by users and very important especially with standardizing and automating internal calculation. The software assists in evaluating doses in clinical trials alongside the radiopharmaceuticals, teaching, theoretical calculations of existing doses and other purposes.
Stabin, M.( 2008). “The importance of patient-specific dose calculations in nuclear medicine”
Available on http://www.kns.org/jknsfile/v40/JK0400527.pdf
A manuscript submitted Vanderbilt University by Stabin, outlines the various basic methods employed by health practitioners in internal dose calculations. This work focuses on the present developments and changes in these systems and how they have resulted into more detailed, accurate and dose calculations that are patient individualized. Among these methods outlined here is Olinda M/EXM. According to this author who is also a university professor at Vanderbilt University Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, the OLINDA/EXM software code has greatly facilitated the widespread use and standardization of these standard models and calculations techniques by may practitioners.
MacParland B.F (2010). “Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosmetry”. Springer, London
Limited.
The premise of this book “Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosmetry” by MacParland is that, despite all the medical, scientific and technological developments over the past decades, the nuclear medicine dosimetry is not a fully developed medicine. Development in calculation and measurement of organ absorbed doses, and forecasting of biological effects however remain to be achieved. Among the most significant aspect in this perspective is the development of Olinda EXM software which has facilitated effective calculation techniques in clinical medicine.
From the perspective of this book, the nuclear medicine fields his experiencing transformation where detailed dosimetry, required approach in external radiotherapy beam is posed to become the norm. The therapeutic application has naturally become patient specified and there fore the modified calculation techniques are needed. In the present perspectives, it is becoming progressively important for practitioners in nuclear medicine to be capable in administering such carefully, precise, doses to their patients, both in the therapeutic as well as the diagnostic setting. The dosimetry in nuclear medicine by this author offers an extensive account of theoretical basis in understanding the dosimetry calculations in the algorithms of internal radiation dosimetry as application to both therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine. The book elucidated the reader to the theory underlying the practice and in so doing, enhancing the informed considerations as well as judgments when offering treatments to patients.
The book is written with an extensive experience and authority in the filed of medicine and presented for easy consultation purposes. Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosimetry is a crucial reference for medical practitioners and physicists who are both concerned with research and clinical practice. The author McParland, BASc MSc PhD is the head of a commercial medical physics organizations in the UK, India and Norway , offering and supporting clinical studies , vascular contrast media, developing diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, and in vivo optical imaging agents. He is a Fellow at the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine, and the Institute of Physics, UK.
Grimes,J (2013). Patient-specific internal dose calculation techniques for clinical use in targeted
radionuclide therapy. Available on http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43943
Grimes, (2013) presented a thesis titled “Patient-specific internal dose calculation techniques for clinical use in targeted radionuclide therapy”. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a set of techniques that could be practically implemented in routine clinical use. In achieving this objective, a graphical use interface was established so as to handle the huge amount of data commonly related with the internal dose’s calculations and also to perform each step in the procedure of dose calculation. Moreover, an iterative adaptive method of treshholding for establishing volumes and object activities in single images that were emission computed were established and the accuracy of this method was investigated. The level of organ and the value of vowel s dose calculations were compared with the findings from Monte Carlo simulation.
The comparison involved the evaluation of specific aspects of OLINDA/EXM dose calculation technique and the sphere model. In the thesis, the adaptive threshold method was established to accurately determine the volume of objects as well as activities in phathom and patient studies, with disregard of the methods of image reconstruction. When the Monte Carlo calculation was compared with the OLINDA/EXM calculation, the differences in the patient specific anatomy was found to be huge across the estimates of the organ-dose that calculated for every patient with Monte Carlo. However, the agreed doses amounted to 6% in doses.
Pappas, V. (2005) “Physics Applications in Nuclear Medicine: Progress on Many
Fronts” Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 46 • No. 2 Available on http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/46/2/16N.short
In this article, the author, Pappas (2005) who is also the director of SNM committee observes that the year 2004 saw much progress with regard to the application of physics in nuclear medicine. Research went upfront in the development of detectors, construction technology and new tools were availed. Debate in the community of dosimetry on the significance of the patient centered dosimetry went on and eventually coming to the attention of European Congress. The Olinda/EXM code calculation tool was at developed and released at this time. Other electronic resources also continued to be developed, facilitating and making work easier. As the author report, the radiation dose assessment resource (RADAR) website www.doseinfo-radar.com was also developed at this time for the purpose of freely disseminating the extensively used information and data such as the estimated dose, absorbed fractions, decay data, dose conversions factors dosimetry literature and radiobiology information. This article basically supports the scientific basis for the Olinda/ EXM software design. The EXM software, which hereby succeeds the MIRDOSE 3 code, was released in 2004. The University of Vanderbilt was assigned the responsibility of distributing the code in the same year of its release after an approval from the United states food and drug administration.
References
Grimes,J (2013). “Patient-specific internal dose calculation techniques for clinical use in targeted
radionuclide therapy”. Available on http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43943
MacParland B.F (2010). “Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosmetry” Springer, London Limited.
Pappas, V. (2005) “Physics Applications in Nuclear Medicine: Progress on Many
Fronts” Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 46 • No. 2 Available on http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/46/2/16N.short
Stabin, M.( 2008). “The importance of patient-specific dose calculations in nuclear medicine”
Available on http://www.kns.org/jknsfile/v40/JK0400527.pdf
Sparks, R and Cowe, E (2005). OLINDA/EXM: The Second-Generation
Vue e, (2013). “OLINDA/EXM” Available from http://olinda.vueinnovations.com/
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