Oceanus

Oceanus

Question 24-1

Manganese nodules are located within ocean beds and this would serve as the most appropriate area to trace the minerals. Extraction technicalities act as the first problem since manganese nodules are situated averagely on four thousand to six thousand meters under the water surface (Morgan 32). Equipment therefore required for extraction purposes is costly and thus acting as an inhibitor to the profession. Secondly, the mineral wealth is affected by the availability of the same materials from land sources that are cheaper and thirdly, the legal and environmental problems that have been attributed to the mining processes.

Question 24-2

Desalination is more practicable as the technology required for the process has already been established and therefore highly competitive as opposed to wave technology (Garrison 177).

Question 24-3

By assessing whether the foods contain ecological labels such as dolphin friendly certification, World Wildlife Fund accreditation, and Marine Stewardship Council certification amongst others (Johnson and National Geographic Society (U.S.) 31).

Question 24-4

Dolphin safe-labels are imprinted on tuna packaging containers as an indication that none of the dolphins’ populace has been injured or slain during the fishing process. The initiative has been employed on tuna packaging since both species tend to have a complementary relation noted within the swimming patterns (Brown and Newbridge Educational Publishing 6). In ensuring that dolphins are protected, it is prudent to purchase albacore tuna as opposed to yellowfin tuna as the former species swims unaccompanied by dolphins in contrast to the latter.

Question 24-5

Aid towards harm inflicted by natural disasters should be a global initiative since the economic element reveals that none of the world’s nations are ranked as self-sufficient. This means that although harm maybe directly noted within the affected nation, the economic effect noted in terms of the export-import relation would be noted in relation to other nations evidencing a mutual effect (Morgan 17). The government should primarily offer food, clothing, shelter and monetary aid to the affected regions, with charitable organizations fit for essential needs provisions.

Question 24-6

            The trade will legalize fishing and as the consumption increases, the supply will be matched in a proportionate or more than proportionate level leading to over fishing. Subsequently, rare forms of marine life will bear a high susceptibility to extinction. Making the trade unlawful will enhance implementation of black markets as well as the creation of colossal job loss to marine-related occupations (Brown and Newbridge Educational Publishing 13).

Question 24-7

            In developing nations, EEZs ensure that lawful, strict and reported forms of fishing are supported towards the creation of effectual marine practices for economic progression within the nations (Garrison 298). In developed nations where technology has led to the realization of effective fishing practices, EEZs ensure that over fishing is inhibited within a given region.

Question 24-8

            Ocean acidification as the name suggests is the alteration of the oceanic waters from a basic nature into an acidic one. This is caused by the enhanced levels of carbon dioxide absorbed daily within the oceans. Carbon dioxide in oceanic waters lessens the calcium carbonate levels required for the creation of shells as a shielding element for a majority of aquatic animals and thus species reductions (Morgan 23). The acidity also hampers food nourishment and causes health problems by affecting procreation and physiological processes within the organisms.

Question 24-9

            Twenty-five percent of the world’s populace primarily depends on sea food especially for the provision of proteins. The United Nations postulates that by the end of the period 2011, the statistics will rise to seven billion and later to nine billion by the period 2050 (United Nations Department of Public Information, 2011).

Question 24-10

Prospective cancer drugs include Aplidin, Kahaladide F, Bryostatin-1, Salinosporamide A, Dolastatin 10, Discodermolide, and Halicochondrins amongst others. Other prospective drugs include GTS-21 for Alzheimer’s, Conantokins G and R for nerve treatment, Contulakin G as a pain inhibitor, Manzamine for malaria, Manoalide for the Psoratic ailment, Theonellapeptolide as an immuno-suppresor, IPL-512 and 601 for asthma, Eryloside F for platelets, and Elisapterosin B for tuberculosis (Calle, 2007).

Question 24-11

            In Central US, British Columbia acts as the optimal place to source sustainable seafood (Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, 2011).

Question 24-12

            Desalination in the US is achievable as the nation bears at least one thousand two hundred industrial plants. The membrane approach to desalinization is employed in the US and this varies from other regions like Saudi Arabia that utilizes the multi-stage flash approach (Morgan 43).

Question 25-1

            Oceanic pollution accruing from human activities include oil spills emanating from navigational ventures, agricultural chemicals like herbicides from cultivations activities, untreated industrial effluents from the production sector, and electricity generation plants located near shorelines due to water energy emitting heat into the oceans (Brown and Newbridge Educational Publishing 23).

Question 25-2

            Plastic bags on water bodies a similar appearance to jellyfish. Therefore, turtles tend to consume these plastic products and thereby leading to critical and/or lethal impacts (Johnson and National Geographic Society (U.S.) 17). Additionally, plastic bags wear off due to sunlight and wave movements and disintegrate to small pieces that tend to be wedged in zooplanktons and thus consumed by the turtles. This also bears health issues or the fatal element to the affected turtle.

Question 25-3

            Oils affect seabirds by sticking on the feathers thus making flight impossible; this habitually leads to drowning instances. Skins of young seals are covered up with fur that upon contact with oil reduces the shielding nature of the covering and thus leading to hypothermia. As fish, birds and other marine life feed on the oil products, it leads to health issues like ulcerations within the digestive system (Brown and Newbridge Educational Publishing 27). Whales and turtles move over long distances and are therefore prone to eye infections from oil spills. From a subjective viewpoint, oil spills are quite hazardous to marine life and should be dealt with strictly. For instance, spills have proved to be a recurrent occurrence even with the restrictions and preventive measures employed on water vessels; therefore water tankers should be banned and alternative channels like pipelines be used for the transportation requirement.

Question 25-4

Thermal pollution occurs from power-generation locations alongside shorelines. This form of pollution occurs from the extra heat released into the water affecting the temperatures. Thermal pollution therefore poses a possible hitch to invertebrates that are cold-blooded by causing body temperature fluctuations on the animals (Johnson and National Geographic Society (U.S.) 25).

Question 25-5

Phytoplankton’s act as the basic food suppliers within all webs and chains in marine life and require water, carbon dioxide and sunshine like all green vegetation for growth. The epipelagic zone offers sunshine to the phytoplankton for photosynthesis purposes (Morgan 34). Global warming acts as a positive factor for phytoplankton growth by enhancing the warmth element, leading to enhanced food production. However, a possible hazard is presented within the cool weather periods or night duration where the phytoplankton utilizes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide for respiration and thus leading to an oxygen deficiency and possible suffocation to marine life.

Question 25-6

Biomagnification is the enhancement of synthetic material levels within a food chain. This leads to biological amplification of such chemicals in a gradual manner and thus leading to severe consequences (Brown and Newbridge Educational Publishing 29). For instance, mercury traces maybe noted in phytoplankton ingested by some medium-sized fish. As the fish consumes more of the phytoplankton, the mercury intensity accrues within the body. When a whale ingests several of these medium-sized fish, the cumulative mercury deposits are transferred and continue accruing with the amounts of ingested fish.

Question 26-1

            Yes, because oceans are a resourceful element to the human populace with regard to communal, economic and ecological functions. A destruction of the ocean resource would therefore bear extreme consequences to humanity (Johnson and National Geographic Society (U.S.) 32).

Question 25-6

            First, the medical research as it would offer a milestone, like a cure, in dealing with the cancer ailment.  Secondly, the manganese nodules research as an economic tool in employment creation as well as spurring technological advancement (Garrison 433). Thirdly, desalination research aimed at reversing desertification in underdeveloped economies through land repossession for economic and societal progression.

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Brown, Jordan, and Newbridge Educational Publishing. Ocean exploration. New York: Newbridge Educational Pub., 2003. Print.

Calle, Fernando. Marine Genetic Resources: A Source of New Drugs. International Foundation for the Law of the Sea, 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. <http://www.iflos.org/media/8841/presentation%20fernando%20de%20la%20calle.pdf>.

Garrison, Tom. Oceanography: an invitation to marine science. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print.

Johnson, Rebecca, and National Geographic Society (U.S.). Ocean exploration. Greenwich: National Geographic, 2006. Print.

Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch. Central US Sustainable Seafood Guide. July 2011. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. <http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_MidwestGuide.pdf>.

Morgan, Joseph. Ocean Studies. Boston: American Meteorological Society, 2011. Print.

United Nations Department of Public Information. General Assembly ENV/DEV/1217: SEA/1950. 31 May 2011. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. <http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/envdev1217.doc.htm >.

 

 

 

 

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