Reaction Paper: Risen and Thomas "The wrath of Angels"

What changes occurred within the anti-abortion movement as its leadership shifted from Catholics and to evangelical Protestants? How did the tactics and priorities of the movement change in this time and how did this reflect shifts in the attitudes towards women from the 1960’s to the 1980’s?

In twenty five years, the issue of abortion has triggered the attention and reaction of religious groups, which keeps on dictating the politics of the U.S.  It has generated a conflict between the conservatives and liberals and most significantly, it has generated a political as well as a cultural enlistment of evangelical America. Additionally, it formed the basis to justify disjointing of the church from the state.  Anti-abortion activism, is analyzed chronologically through the eyes of the two journalists. It can be traced to the post-Vietnam war protests of the catholic movement, which had as social concern of the issue of abortion and its role in establishing religious right. Anti-abortion movements are dated back during the catholic opposition to any act of killing during the antiwar protests of 1960s (Hauerwas 64 & 65).

The abortion extremist could bomb clinics and kill medical practitioners in order to curb abortion in America. This was an extreme violence in opposing abortion resulting to assaults and killings of abortion practitioners. The decision made by the U.S Supreme Court in January 22, 1973 by Roe V. Wade legalized abortion in every state. He argued that in the first trimester, the patient and the doctor could decide on the fate of the baby. In the second trimester, the state can decide depending on the mother’s health but in the third trimester, the state can illegalize abortion with specific exceptional (Hunt 124). His court ruling established the antiabortion movement especially in states the legalized abortion. The protests became the “America’s most volatile, most divisive and most irreconcilable debate since slavery” (Risen & Thomas 3) since 1960s antiwar- protest, which spread to the cities and compasses in America, thus initiating a national wide abortion rights policy. Roe divided America politically, religiously and historically through legalizing abortion creating pre-Roe and Post-Roe periods and also caused antiabortion extremism in The U.S, although it is not clear if a court decision would trigger large-scale protests as opposed to approval by legislature (Rise & Thomas 265).

However the battle was not successful in illegalizing abortion irrespective of its national wide status and power due to extreme radicalism characterizing the protests (Schildt 42). The movement fragmented with two distinct sides; one of which was non-violent headed by Roy O’Keefe who adhered to catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement through civil disobedience acts meant to illegalize abortion (Risen & Thomas 78). While the other side proposed violent approach led by Michael Bray, a follower of Dominion Theology and a Calvinist and very instrumental in facilitating violence through justifying it theologically resulting to domestic terrorism.  The Roy O’Keefe Catholic pacifists’ approach was out-one by the violent side of the protest. Extremists were geared at saving women thorough a process dubbed ‘operations rescue’ (Rise & Thomas 215). Violence and murder  heightened such as that which happened in 1993 through shooting of abortion practitioner, David GJunn by Michael Griffith, an anti-abortion extremist (Risen & Thomas 339).

This acts altered the perception and direction of anti-abortion movement, which triggered an open debate where activists questioned the use of violence in dealing with the issue. A new social protest based on religion was thus created by this cohesion in the United States headed by protestant fundamentalist, which was culturally isolated but became a powerful political force. According to Rise & Thomas, “a new, religion-based social protest movement was born, one that drew Protestant Evangelicals out of their churches and to the barricades. These activists set out to transform the law, but in the process they transformed themselves, transformed their theological beliefs, and ended generations of isolation” (300). This happened irrespective of the fact that the anti-abortion movement was initiated during anti-war protest led by catholic peace activists. The protestant fundamentalist triggered political ideologies for once in over half a century thorough evangelical America, which changed the cultural perception of women and that of the social protests (Chapman 458).

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Popular American Culture Paper

Introduction

 

Culture can be referred to as the ideas, customs and social behaviour of particular people or society. This may vary from habits, politics, music, arts, sports, faiths, architectural designs, traditions, clothes worn to the food they eat.  As the world is quickly evolving with new cognitive contents, Americans may be known to lead in having the broadest range and kinds of culture/s pertaining with time, group, age or even the geological setting of a place or region with its adaptation and popularity been seen world-wide. Although the views and opinions on the popular American culture is open for debate, the term ”pop” culture, which is the same as ”pop” music has been derived from the word  popular to simply mean something which has more of an impact than trend, and can define a period of time as the majority considers it popular and worth of their time. This has influenced favorite television shows, movies, music, books and even fashion, which defines a generation with big hair and shoulder pads in the 80’s,  while flower power, peace signs, straight hair and bell bottoms were part of the 60’s and 70’s era. All these were also influenced through the music culture regardless of its genre or epoch as artists and groups were a determinant factor since the foundation of music in colonial America to its present progressive stage as Dorough (1992) states.

The media has left its mark as one of the major trends in the American popular culture, as it influences the purchase of various where she cites that ”the buying of clothes and fashion brings stability to the greater community as livelihoods and jobs rely on the continuous purchase of goods.” (Oliver, 1996). It has impacted my decisions when it comes to buying, with various fashion magazines determining my casual and official wear while Reebok, Adidas and Nike on top of my sportswear. This has proved quite fortuitous, saving me time and money in decision-making.

 

The American culture is not complete without adding sports as also one of the main trend. Today, sports has seen a massive growth in America and across its borders, bringing social togetherness with various sport teams, groups and individuals opting to merchandise their products for the huge fan base. Major cities and towns usually come to a standstill when major sports events take place with supporters donning their team’s shirts and regalia with excitement in talks, views and opinions being shared. According to (Gems & Pfister, 2009), this reflects on the emergence of sports with entertainment and business, with the American media spreading this culture world-wide with various sports producing celebrities and icons to look up to with heroes to be remembered in a lifetime.

One of the other trend which has largely contributed and progression of the American culture is the internet.  According to Porter (1997), one can freely choose who to interact with as they will be holding the same goals and interests rather than brushing shoulders with people who are different. It also states that the internet” promotes uniformity in America and it masks ones race and gender hence promoting social diversity”. Political views and activism are also progressed through the cyber world with news on different events being communicated to many individuals as possible. The internet has seen the emergence and growth of small businesses who could not fight big multinationals. Social sites have bridged the gap in matters regarding stereotyping.

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Relational Cultural Theory

Introduction

Relational cultural theory preaches of having a society with growth-fostering relationship. It stresses that the main aim of development is not being independent and separated to other people, but rather to participate in relationships that foster the wellbeing of other people (Walker,2004). The theory discourages people against been isolated from other people and describes such an action as what causes human suffering.

The theory comes with some assumption about human life. The most basic one is that people stand a chance of thriving once they get themselves involved in the growth-fostering relationships. The theory focuses on establishing a relational unit, which comprises all people working together and success being the resultant. A model is derived from this that stresses on the connectedness among the individual involved. The relation culture theory also assumes that some experiences in life for example isolation are violations of relations and that cause human suffering as well as threatening the human survival.

The relation between men and women is treated different from the old psychology as compared to the relational cultural theory. In the Relational Cultural Theory (RCT) it stresses of the importance of having a growth- fostering relationship where ensuring the well been of everyone is put into considerations. An RCT relationship call for a scenario where everyone is treated with respect and there is no degrading any one due to such factors like culture and sexual orientation. The treatment of men and women is so different in old psychological theories: men were treated as superior to women in the old psychology. On the other hand, women intelligence was not considered and were viewed to be dependent on men. There were assigned the role of taking care of the children and what was considered “childish things” were relegated to them. The roles of women were despised by men and they were made to feel worthless and as just subordinates to men. RCT relationship on the other hand has brought out a relationship that equality among everyone is the main driving force. Discrimination of any kind is discouraged and men and women are treated of equal importance.

Critically RCT is a type of relationship that enhances mutual empowerment among the people in it. Aspects that may lead to its failure are greatly discouraged to ensure the success of this relationship. It is relationship where growth of people is of importance and people are judged by the characters they portray not by their sexual orientation or the race they come from. A cohesive society is likely to arise due to the existence of an RCT relationship since everyone is treated as an equal partner in the society.

There are many similarities between the ideas brought out in RCT and underlying values of social work. Social justices as well all equal provision of opportunities are two values that are upheld in social work. RCT on the other hand emphasizes on the need to create a society where everyone is treated as an equal to each other. The two relate in the sense that they campaign for equality in provision of services as well as treatment of people and stress that it is the only way success can be achieved. Integrity among individuals is also greatly upheld in both relations. The success of RCT depends on the parties involved in the relations bearing integrity in treating others in the relation, the same is necessary in social work, upholding integrity in the social work brings about success and accomplishment of success in people’s lives (Dominelli,2004). The sole reason of involving in social work is to ensure that people rights are not deprived but are greatly upheld: the same is preached in a RCT relation as people are expected to work together without discriminating each other for whatever reason and equal rights are provided.

Great guidance can be offered by incorporation of RCT values in our social work theory. The spirit of working together that is greatly emphasized in RCT can be of importance in ensuring that the rights that have been deprived off the people in the society are given back to the people. The service of social work is of taking responsibility of other people needs; by working with the less fortunate among us a RCT relation is formed. RCT also stresses on the importance of ensuring that there exist no disconnection among the society: this can act as a guide in social working ensuring that the togetherness amongst the people in the society is held out and there is no incidences of people been left out due to lack of anything (Dominelli, 2002).

RCT discourages a scenario of showing power dominance amongst the people since it lead to less interaction and loss of self-esteem among the people in the society. Practitioners of social work can borrow this trait since it ensures there is a maximum interaction between them and the people they are working for. Moreover, there will be no incidences of people feeling left out, also the society will feel free to share with them their needs and expectations (Walker,2004). A growth-oriented relationship as the main importance of creating an RCT relationship: the social workers can ensure that they establish this kind of a relation in their work to ensure that they are in knowledge of the needs of the society and can establish of the way better to solve this needs.

The old psychology of women is a notion that woman had about themselves and also what they were made to believe of themselves. For a long time, women were made to believe that they were weaker than men. Women were viewed as dependant beings that needed men in their lives in order to live. Taking care of the children and bearing them was their main responsibility any other task that was less valued. Cleaning of the house was another of their responsibility as well as taking care of their husband’s needs. Their worth was not appreciated and they were just subordinates of men. In return, a feeling of worthlessness and low self-esteem grew in them as they were viewed less important. It is also notable that they were expected to put the views of others before their own needs. On the other hand, the old psychology of men is a notion that men are superior beings to women. Their intelligence is deemed high and are also viewed as powerful beings. They do most of the thinking and they are not involved in any childish things. They are deemed of high esteem and they are the decision makers in all scenarios: what they consider right is right and they are of a higher class than women.

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Time Management

Introduction

Supervisors are people who are one’s immediate superior in the work place. Employees report either directly or indirectly to the supervisor in any given organization. Supervisors are always responsible for direct report progress and productivity in the company, which include the basic management skills such as decision-making, planning, problem solving, delegation and meeting arrangement. It also includes the process of organizing teams and noticing the need for designing new duties in the group. In addition, the first level supervisors are also concerned with hiring of new employees, training them on various areas and keeping record on the employee performance management. This is achieved through observation of the employees conduct and giving feedback on the same, in addition to setting goals to be attained by both the management and the employees.  Supervisors also address performance issues and are responsible for the firing of the employees, thus ensuring conformance to the international regulations and the personnel policies. Supervisors in companies are usually characterized by strong working knowledge of the activities that fall in their groups. They usually have the knowledge on how to develop their product and carry out the services. Due to the wide scope of supervisory job, it is important for managers to ensure that they manage their time accurately. This is because time management is a critical skill that can make or break new managers (Bittel and Newstrom, 1992).

Time management is the process of exercising control over the amount of time spent to complete certain tasks, with an aim of increasing efficiency and productivity of an organization. In order for new managers to ensure proper management of time, they need to use a range of skill, tools and techniques in achieving this. These activities include proper planning, setting goals, analysis of time spent, organizing, scheduling and prioritizing. New managers should also monitor and delegate duties in order to avoid time wasting and increase their productivity and efficiency. Time management is a determining factor for the success of a business, and is very necessary for all project managements as it sets the completion time and also the scope of the project. Having defined the terms supervisor, time management, and the general duties of supervisor, it is important to discuss why time management is important for new managers and how they can they can manage their time within an organization to ensure productivity and efficiency.

Just as the office manager, a corporate executive, a governor or a first level supervisor, there is one important resource, which is time, and is equally distributed. For first level supervisors, it is important to attach more value and use time more appropriately. In order for supervisors to avoid wasting time and be productive, they should stop reacting to subordinate staff emergencies and priorities before accomplishing their duties. The supervisors should learn to be strict with his/her word and always be a good example by attaching more value to what they do, as a sure way of being productive. Entry level supervisors attending to other people’s requests and emergencies which are as a result of poor planning and poor time management will encourage the staff to be inefficient in their duties, and this will most likely affect the manager’s time plan. In addition, the first level supervisors should always make the right choice when selecting duties. This is because when they make wrong choices, the result will be undesirable and he/she will be forced to start all over again, but this time round wasting time in making the right choices so that the results are good. The supervisors should always do it right from the start and learn a lot during the process so that when they are faced with the same task next time, they will be in a position to handle it with ease without wasting time (Bittel and Newstrom, 1992).

In addition, it is very important for the new managers to think critically in order to ensure productivity of the company. Simplistic or shallow thinking generally leads to time wastage. New managers should think critically by labeling things and duties so that their retrieval becomes easier. Further, Managers on the entry level should also be in a position to make insignificant decisions hastily but deliberate on the difficult ones. It is very important for the new managers not to table little and insignificant decisions, which may make them to end with wrong choices as this will make them to rush through important decisions that may come along. As a result, they make mistakes that will force them to go back and rectify and at the end of the day, they find that they have wasted a lot of time without achieving much. Without critical thinking, new managers cannot achieve productivity in the organization.

First level supervisors should also be in a position to separate the surface symptoms from the core problem. This will enable them to avoid wasting time on the symptoms and deal with the problems. This is because the symptoms always attracts in such a way that they will distract the managers in realizing the exact causes or the problems. For instance, it is time consuming for the new managers to try to find a cure for problems such as negative attitude and poor performance as curing the problem will just suppress the actual problem making it difficult to be tackled at the end. This leads to the actual problem later re occurring making the managers to spent more time on it that could have been used somewhere else. On the poor performance and the negative attitude, the actual problem could be as a result of poor selection process during the employee recruitment process, unclear expectations, inconsistent sanctions or an underground informal power structure, which can only show up with enough symptoms to occupy the new manager’s time eve n for a year or more thus leads to more lost hours (Imundo, 1993).

It is also important for the new managers to have a list showing what they would like to accomplish within a set frame of time. This to do list will enable the managers not to forget very important priorities for the day and also be in a position to meet deadlines. It is always important for the managers to plan and think about their job priorities by writing them down because they are more likely to be accomplished when they are able to look down at them every now and then and they will not leave their workstation until they have accomplished them. Accomplished work in adherence with allocated time makes the new managers feel a sense of self-satisfaction and pride that will further reinforce the motivation that results into increased productivity that leads to further accomplishments (Imundo, 1993).

Another factor in time management that can lead to increased productivity from the new managers is allocation of some private time. Managers should always be in a position to have time for themselves each day even if it is for one hour. This is important because free uninterrupted time allows the managers mind to have time to identify the activities that can have the biggest pay off and also time to reflect on the days accomplishments (Imundo, 1993). If managers keep themselves busy throughout their minds will  just be focused on themselves and they are likely to find themselves caught up in more business without them seeing what they need to see and doing what they need to do thus leading to time wastage. When managers are in position to have some spontaneity they will be in a position to discover that many useful and important activities are likely to surface during the day. Nevertheless, the managers usually have the choice to react or not to. In addition there is always time for the clients, subordinates and departmental heads to inform the managers on the things they need to know or they will feel free to share various views with the management without any fear as opposed to when the managers appears busy always. Therefore to increase productivity of the company, new managers should manage their time in such a way that they have free time to just walk around and do the listening, looking and learning from the publics of the company. This will enable them to discover useful and valuable information that they have wasted considerable amount of time trying to discover them on their own.

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Naval Hospital Medical Centre Portsmouth, Virginia, United States

Introduction

Naval Hospital Medical Centre is situated in Portsmouth, Virginia, United States. It is widely recognized for being the oldest hospital that is still operational in the Navy system. It was built after Fort Nelson was brought down during the British Capture and occupation of the Town of Portsmouth, seating at half a mile from Portsmouth town. The Medical facilities available are at the available to the locals and the United States Navy. The hospital has taken care of sick residents, and wounded Navy in America’s history of warfare, ever since it’s opening in 1830, until today (Eisman, 2002).

Brief History of Portsmouth Naval Medical Center

The bricks used in the first construction of the Hospital were brought down from Fort Nelson, and to pay for the construction of the Hospital, marines and sailors were taxed 20cents each. Construction began on 2nd April 1827. During the Mexican-American war of 1847, the hospital took casualties from war for the first time. Then during 1855, the hospital carried on a humanitarian attempt to rescue civilian victims of yellow fever. This saw up to 600 patients admitted to the hospital. It has grown in capability and resource employing up to 530 000 medical staff and workers. The outbreak of war in 1917 caused an overload of patients at the hospital, necessitating a move to enlarge the hospital by adding forty-two new structures including thirty-eight patient blocks and four corpsmen barracks.

The city supported the building of the High rise of Portsmouth, building 215. Recently, more developments were experienced with the new Acute Care Facility being completed in 1998.

 

 

 

Challenges that the Hospital has encountered

Environmental

Portsmouth Naval hospital is known to have old facilities in its vicinity. Years of service to the community have seen it degrade in the status of its structures that have gradually worn out. The city of Portsmouth lacks in the capacity to allow for the expansion of the hospital into the city. It covers most of the town since it lies on a large piece of land (The Urban Land Institute, 2003). Fiscal problems may rise despite that the land is fairly considered un-taxable by the Government. Population data collected in 2002 showed a static town, though one can see constant constructions and development within the downtown area of Portsmouth.

Economic

The hospital gets revenue from the government as well as insurance companies affiliated with it. It has however experienced client challenges with its patients refusing to forward their insurance details for personal reasons. Its record keeping department was at first using analogue recording systems that presented loopholes in their system, but with the recent computerization of company records, it has caught up with insurance and finance companies that had been defrauding the hospital of millions of dollars in misplaced records (Eisman, 2002).

Government

The United States Government funds the hospital via the Department of healthcare as subsidies to cater for the operational expenses of the facilities at the hospital. Cases of people stealing identify from deceases military personnel have come up lately. The government has failed to harmonize records and databases of military data in the United States, creating yet another loophole for impersonators to take advantage of the hospitals facilities. However, the Government has taken initiative to cover the problem by firing the hospital comptroller, and reassigning a new commander upon noticing cases of monetary shortcomings. (Eisman, 2002) House Government Reform Committee seeks to follow up issues regarding such cases of mismanagement.

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Toyota: keeping up with the challenge

Introduction

It is imperative for a company to identify its strengths and weakness in order to facilitate in the process of overcoming threats and provide an avenue through which the firm can capitalize on available opportunities (Borowski, 2010). The underlying objective is to enhance the competitive advantage of the firm. In this context, the paper investigates how Toyota capitalizes on its strengths to counter the threats and maximize on opportunities, and role that threat plays in hindering the success of the company. The strategic plans implemented by Toyota are effective to facilitate the identification of potential strengths and threats in a manner that the company can capitalize on its strengths and reduce its vulnerability to potential threats.

Results of analysis

The global economic crisis witnessed in 2009 did not spare Toyota; this resulted in the company experiencing operational losses in the fiscal year that ended 2009. As a result, the company had to device effective strategies with the aim of restoring the business vitality of the company, and develops strategies that can combat such crises in future. Most importantly, the company had the need to restore its faith in the stakeholders (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009). On the fiscal year ending March 31st 2009, Toyota incurred low sales, resulting to a decline in the net revenue by 21.9 per cent. The company recorded operating losses that amounted to ¥461 Billion, the fiscal income also decreased significantly in comparison with the fiscal income of 2008, reporting a decrease of ¥2731.3 Billion. According to the annual report of 2009, ineffective marketing strategies and unstable foreign exchange rates played a significant role in resulting to the massive losses by the company. In addition, the global financial crisis of 2009 played a major role in reducing the fiscal income of the company (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009). Marketing efforts reduced the fiscal income by ¥1480 Billion, while foreign exchange rates affected the same by an amount of ¥760 billion and causing an increase in expenses by ¥760 Billion (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009).

The establishment of an Emergency Profit Improvement Committee is an effective strategy that Toyota deployed to handle such crises in future. This was potential threat to the company; its effect was significant because the company did not have effective strategic plans to handle such cases. Toyota addressed marketing issues by strengthening their customer relations through production of more effective model cars customized to meet the requirements of the different market segments (Borowski, 2010). Cost reduction is a normal routine, with the company putting emphasis on the reduction of labor costs and expenses associated with administration of the company. With automobile market projected to remain turbulent, Toyota aims at a total cost reduction of ¥460 Billion and maximize on the available idle facilities owned by the company. The financial strategy adopted by the company is also an effective approach to combat future threats associated with global and internal financial crises. The strategy focuses on growth, increasing efficiency and financial stability (Borowski, 2010).

Critical assessment of the major strengths and weakness facing the company

Strengths

            One of the most important strengths that Toyota Company enjoys is a trusted customer base that is loyal. Loyalty plays a significant role in increasing the market share of the Toyota Company through providing an avenue through which Toyota can increase its automotive sales.  The automotive market is a dynamic one; therefore, having a loyal customer base ensures economic growth for the company. In addition, it strengthens the corporate image of the company. For the company to a build a solid customer foundation, it is imperative for it to not only focus on technological development, but also put into consideration the needs of its customers through making better cars that suit their needs. Therefore, the Toyota Company makes use of this strength through deploying a market-oriented strategy (Ananth et al, 2009).

The second strength that Toyota Company enjoys is an effective management team. An effective management team is a critical success factor for any business enterprise. Toyota relies on its management to offer solutions to crises that the company may face. This entails building a strong organizational culture, which is a significant driving force for the success of the company. In order to realize this, the company has implemented effective communication strategies, both on the side of the company and its customers. A combination of effective management and a loyal customer base enhances the corporate image, which in turn plays a significant role in increasing the market share of the company (Ananth et al, 2009).

Weaknesses

A significant weakness of the company is its incapability to lay effective strategic plans aimed at combating potential crises that may hinder the success of the company. For instance, the fiscal losses of the trading period that ended March 2009 is due to improper marketing plans and ineffective crisis management approaches. Another significant weakness that faces Toyota Company is ineffective corporate governance. This plays a significant role in hindering the formulation of corporate policies for the company in order to foster the success of the company. Ineffective corporate governance and lack of strategic planning significantly impairs the ways in which Toyota can formulate and implement policies aimed at managing crises and becoming successful in the competitive market (Ananth et al, 2009).

 

 

Conclusion

            It is evident that Toyota adopted effective strategic plans after experiencing the losses of 2009. Strategies such as the establishment of the Emergency Profit Improvement Committee and the market-oriented approach are an effective approach to managing crisis that is unprecedented. Therefore, Toyota capitalizes on its strengths in order to counter the threat that the company may face.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a metastatic breast tissue comprising two different categories of breast cancer i.e. Ductal carcinoma which initiates in the ducts, meant to transfer milk to the nipple and Lobular carcinoma, which initiates in lobules involved in milk production. These are the major tissue that breast cancer can establish although in some cases, it has been noted to start in other breast tissues. Invasive breast cancer spreads from lobule or ducts to the rest of breast tissue while noninvasive breast cancer is restricted to the tissue it initiated also referred to as in situ marked as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (Hunt et al 9 & 10). Breast cancer is responsive to estrogen which facilitates its growth since the tumor contains estrogen receptors on the surface hence called ER-positive cancer.  In other cases, women have HER2 which is a gene that facilitate the growth, division and repair of cells. Therefore cancer cells with various copies of HER2 have a drastic growth causing a more forceful and recurrent disease (Pub Med pr. 1 & 5). Breast cancer was discovered by ancient Egyptians where Edwin Smith recorded details of its management procedure and prevalence of the disease in Egypt on papyrus (Winchester 1).

Risk Factors

One in every eight women shall have a breast cancer diagnosis in life due to various risk factors. Age and gender; the risk factors of acquiring a breast cancer rises with age where women in their fixities have been noted to have a highly advanced breast cancer. Additionally, women are a hundred times more probable to acquire breast cancer as compared to men. Family history is another risk factor associated with breast cancer adding up to 20-30% of women with breast cancer. Genetic composition as a risk factor predisposes some individuals as compared to others. For instance, BRCA1 & BRCA2 are genes whose role is to produce protein, which shield one from cancerous cells. When these genes become defective, which might be inherited from parents, an individual is more prone to cancer. Women who contain one of the defective genes are 80% probable to acquire breast cancer. Women whose menstrual cycle began at an early age of below twelve years or whose menopause came after 55 years have a higher risk of attaining breast cancer (Pub Med pr. 6).

Other minor risk factors include alcoholism where taking over two glasses daily elevate the probability of having breast cancer. Besides, women with no children or whose childbirth happened at the age of thirty or more years have a higher risk while multiple pregnancies especially when young reduce the risks. Moreover, women who ever took the drug diethylstilbestrol to manage miscarriage have higher risk of having breast cancer when they have reached forty years. Finally, radiation exposure or radiotherapy at an early age aimed around the chest predisposes one to breast cancer. If the doses are high and done at an early age i.e. at some stage in breast development, this increases the chances of having breast cancer (Pub Med pr. 7).

Symptoms

During early stages, there are no notable symptoms which emphasize the need to have breast exams regularly. However, when the breast cancer continues to develop, symptoms may involve the following. Hard and painless breast or armpit lump with uneven edges. Modification in texture, shape and size of the nipple or the whole breast e.g. redness dimpling. In other cases, the nipple may produce a fluid which is colored and pus like. Men with breast cancer experience lump, pain and breast tenderness. During advanced stages of breast cancer, the patient may experience bone pain, weight loss, skin ulcers, breast pains, and arm swelling adjacent to the cancerous breast (Pub Med pr. 10 & 11).

Test

The physician evaluates the symptoms in relation to the risk factors. This is followed by a physical exam which involves the breasts, chest cavity, armpits as well as the neck. The tests that are incorporated in diagnosing breast cancer involves first, breast MRI, which aids in identifying the lumps or assess unusual mammogram change. Second, breast ultrasound is done to detect if the lump is filled with fluid or if it is just solid. Third, breast biopsy involves procedures like needle aspiration, stereotactic and ultrasound guided analysis. Forth, a CT scan detects if the cancerous cells have invaded other tissues. Fifth, a mammography aids in screening for cancerous cells or in detecting breast lumps. Finally, other tests involve PET scan and sentinel lymph node biopsy for assessing the spread of the cancer. These procedures that detect spread of cancer cells are referred to as staging which is essential in administering treatment and the future expectations. The stages that breast cancer falls under vary from 0 to IV where the greater the staging the advanced the breast cancer (Pub Med Pr. 15).

Prevention

Tamoxifen is recommended for prevention of breast cancer for women over the age of 35(Pub Med Pr. 16). Additionally, prophylactic mastectomy through surgical removal of both breasts can be undertaken before the cancer is diagnosed especially those with family history and defective genes. It is necessary to have total mastectomy to eliminate the chances of acquiring the cancer (Kasper & Ferguson 39). Moreover, healthy eating habits e.g. moderate calories, whole grain, fruits and vegetables, avoiding red meat and lifestyle changes e.g. controlled alcohol consumption go a long way in preventing breast cancer (Donegan & Spratt 199).

Treatment

Treatment could be local, which target the disease area with radiation or surgical procedures or systemic which affect the whole body such as chemotherapy (Hunt et al 11 & 12).  It varies with stage, hormonal sensitivity and expression of HER2/neu gene of the breast cancer (Pub Med pr. 20). The treatment involves chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Chemotherapy aims at killing the cancerous cells, radio therapy at destroying the cancerous tissue while surgery aims at removing the cancerous tissue through a surgical procedure which may involve lumpectomy to remove the lump or mastectomy to remove entire breast and nearby tissues (Donegan & Spratt 31). Women who are ER-positive are recommended for hormonal therapy to manage the hormones facilitating the cancer. For instance tamoxifen drug curbs estrogen effects while aromatase inhibitors like exemestane drugs are recommended for postmenopausal women and work by blocking production of estrogen. Other treatment procedures include biologic therapy, which utilize anticancer drugs like trastuzumab and manages cell changes (Pub Med pr. 22). Treatment for stage I, II & III is meant to cure while stage IV is managed through combined treatment to prolong life and not to cure. Follow-up tests are necessary after and in the course of treatment to evaluate the response of the cancerous cells (Hunt et al 14)

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Vietnam War

 

The Vietnam War was one of the few wars that faced critics in America. The president had numerous motives while engaging into this war. President Lyndon Johnson had expected that China and Russia might intervene in the war after some time, which did not happen. President Johnson also had an ambitious motive of the congress passing a legistration that would see the increase of the defense budget without increasing the taxes. The decision made by president Johnson led to political, social, and military issues coming up. Socially the biggest anti-war movement rose up that opposed most of his polices as well as presence of mass protest. Politically, his political carrier was extinguished due to the communist campaigns and many Americans felt he had misled the government. He could not be able to stand for re-election because he had become unpopular as well as his party. The later years saw the congress passing resolution that cut down the budget of the military and the president’s proposal of extending aid to Vietnam being turned down. The Vietnam War also had the biggest number of draftees which comprise about half of them.

Much can be learnt from these incidents. For one, there is need for the president to sell his policies to the people and the congress before they are implemented. Failure to do so may warrant for rebellion by the public and loss of popularity among the people. The fact that the passing of the policy by the congress without increasing taxes led to the country being affected economically is an important lesson to the government.  There is need to ensure that policies that are passed have some financial support or the government has a plan on how to get the funds.  Due to this incident, the country has tried to ensure that the policies made have support of money to avoid any incidents of economic constrains. On the other hand, the involvement in war has only come up if there is need to involve in war. For example, in the wars both Iraq and Afghanistan, the government has been involved in after it has been triggered to get involved in them. The article by Robert Scheer on the anniversary of Vietnam War should be a guide to the government to avoid activities that might lead to unnecessary war as well as ensure the war in both Iraq and Afghanistan does not turn out to become similar to Vietnam War.

There is a no likelihood that the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan may translate to the war in Vietnam. The fact that the involvement of the government came about due to incidences like the September 11 attacks, people understand that there is a treat out there that need to be handled. The efforts by the government to withdraw the number of American soldiers is an indication that the government is committed in ensuring that it does not get involved in unnecessary  war. The article by James Carafanon says it all about the two different wars. The motive of involvement in the wars is different as the author describes the fighting in Iraq is about helping the people to establish a democratic government and prevent oppressive ruling.

Staying in war or withdrawing in war is dependant on the risk our country is facing as well as the fighting nation is facing. If there are attacks in Iraq or Afghanistan, there is need to access whether the attacks are against the presence of American soldiers or they are terrorist attacks. If they are terrorist attacks, there is need to stay and try to stop them, if it is against our soldiers being present, withdrawing them is the best option. However, there is need to withdraw soldiers if the two nation stabilize and there are stable government running them.

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Bullying within the classroom and school

Introduction

Bullying has been noted as a never-ending problem in schools throughout the United States, as well as in other countries. Bullying is a form of discrimination mostly conducted on the basis of race, looks, height or a students’ family background. It is carried out by use of physical means or words to either scare a person or make them feel less of a human being.  It has been the cause of a number of serious cases where students are seriously beaten up frequently, others go without lunch on several occasion, and the worst-case scenario, where some students resort to committing suicide as a final option due to experiencing too much bullying. Bullying has been a major reason that contributes to students’ absence from school, deterioration of academic performance, social isolation and other psychological problems on the part of those students who are bullied.

Recent survey has revealed that approximately 15 % of students in elementary schools report cases of bullying every week with each of them being bullied at least once or twice a week. The same survey revealed that almost six out of every ten students confessed to having bullied someone else.

Signs of bullying

There are a number of ways that can show whether a student is being bullied in school. These are the signs that parents and teachers should be very keen on, so that they can know about bullying cases in time, to prevent such cases from getting to a level where they can be serious. Student’s who are bullied often show a decreased level of self- esteem, lack of confidence and some even suffer depression. Physical signs might be frequent bruises or scars, loss of appetite and sleeplessness. Students’ performance in schoolwork also deteriorates and they tend to always give excuses as to why they do not want to go to school. One may also appear to isolate themselves from their friends, age mates and even family members. Finally, in worst case scenarios, one may even try to or make threats about wanting to commit suicide. When such signs are noted in a student, extreme caution should be taken in handling the situation, as some students who are bullied, do not always like being made to feel like they are weak hence they might act defensive when asked to tell the truth about what is happening to them.

As a parent or teacher, talking to a student about school and observing their reaction to certain questions about bullying should be the first step in trying to understand them. When a student acts agitated or tries to appear as if they are not interested in having the conversation, one should let the student know that you care and are there to help in any way possible. Listening to them and allowing them to trust you with all the information, is critical in analyzing the situation in order to come up with a proper solution to the problem at hand.

Ways of preventing bullying

Schools all over America are introducing new programs and initiatives aimed at creating understanding concerning the bully issue. Guiding programs, which are against bullying that could cause a bully to either be suspended or thrown out of school for good, or even lead to one being put behind bars, have also been put in place in a number of states. The Department of Education has also been involved in a number of programs with some elementary schools, whereby foundations are started with the aim of preventing cases of bullying from occurring.

Measures aimed at working out conflicts between students, should also be put in place. Anger management and counseling programs should also be made available in schools to help those students who have issues at home that lead them to bullying others. Activities that promote good relations amongst students should also be encouraged.  Finally, students should be constantly reminded of the consequences they might face if they involve themselves in bullying actions, so as to deter them from getting into such trouble.

Summary of interview

The interview I carried out revealed that bullying is not as common as it was three years ago in Normandale Elementary. The cases reported currently have fairly reduced from twenty to three cases on a weekly basis. This has been due to some of the measures the school has put in place to fight bullying. The school has put in place anti- bullying rules that if broken could land a student in serious trouble with the school administration and counseling programs that aim at reaching students who have issues at home. This is because the common reasons cited for bully behavior were family related issues. I also found out that there has never been any serious case of bullying in the history of the school. Being a small town school, everyone knows each other and this has enabled most of the students to co- exist peacefully both outside and inside the school.

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Human Characteristics

 

This topic tells us the different evolution of human features over the past 7-6 million years and the gradual emergence of these human traits. The initial humans did not walk upright but on the ground and also climbed trees. The first early human said to represent a common ancestry to both humans and chimpanzee’s is known as the sahelanthropus, and is believed to have been bipedal and its upright posture assisted this species stay alive in diverse habitats, which included grasslands and forests. Due to the adaptation to such habitats, their bodies evolved in ways, which enabled them to largely walk upright and still climb trees. This species had its upper thighbone part similar to that of large apes. Compared to a chimpanzee, the spine of early humans connected with the skull underneath, stabilizing the head when walking upright as opposed to that of a chimpanzee, which connected with the skull at the back, holding the head at an angle. The hip muscles enabled the early human walk, due to the connection between the upper thigh and hip bones was longer than in chimpanzees. The early human could regularly support its weight on one leg at a time when walking due to its strong knee joint, which is lightly built. This upright walking helped the early man in picking fruits and other food from low lying branches, helped them to cover wide landscapes quickly and efficiently and also enabled them to appear large and intimidating. However, this upright posture has led to back pain and other skeletal problems commonly known to the modern humans, therefore making this an abject side effect of walking upright.

By 6 million years ago, the early human species known as the Australopithecus afarensis, were small in size and with unusual long arms and short legs, and also had a large digestive tract for their plant based diet. This also characterized their broad rib cage, which made room for the intestines, stomach and other organs that broke down food. Around 1.9 million years ago, some of the early humans could now adapt to the hot climates, due to their narrow bodies that helped them remain cool, while their long legs enabled them to travel longer distances,this has commonly being associated with Homo erectus. From 6-2 million years ago, the early humans evolved bigger and complex brains as they continued to evolve bigger bodies and this helped them tackle encounters in strange environments as they spread around the globe. These environmental unpredictability led to this massive brain growth that helped our ancestors survive.

Another human characteristic is illustrated around 2.6 million years ago as there came the dawn of new technology in the lives of the early humans. By this time they used hammer stones to shape stone cores so as to form sharp flakes, which were used to cut, crush, pound and access new foods that included meat from large animals. Also around 1.7 million years ago, the early man shaped large flakes off stone cores into hand axes, which served as a multipurpose tool for more than a million years, and these ancient axes have been found in various parts of Asia, Europe and Africa. Later on around 790000 years ago, the early man could now control fire and used it as a tool for cooking; this led to great change in the diet of the early human. The cooking of food made their food easier to digest because cooking released nutrients in foods, although some researchers think that cooking may date back to 1.5 million years ago. This dawn of new technology enabled the early human hunt and kill large animals by making wooden spears. This reduced the risk that they earlier experienced from these wild animals. This period of time also saw the invention of awls and perforators in Africa, which were later carried on to cooler climates.

As time went on, another human characteristic that came out is the ability of the early humans socializing for group survival tactics. The sharing of different resources helped them meet the daily environmental challenges, and they also congregated together so as to rear families. So around 350000 years ago, our ancestors adopted new ways of communication through color, language, paintings, figurines and writing, this helped them interact and express themselves in an unpredictable world. By using ocher and manganese, the early humans marked objects and their own skin so as to identify themselves and group. Also by this time, they were creating artifacts that represented the world around them and this was done through drawing, engraving and stenciling. Through words and symbols, language and its richness was ultimately born to the modern human life.

Through the past 12,000 years, our species the Homo sapiens made a transitional change by producing food and changing our surroundings, this has led to a significant change in the history of mankind. The Homo erectus became extinct and this saw the evolution of Homo sapiens, the modern man, who could now record information on objects, travel even wider distances, make special tools for fishing, collect and cook shellfish and so on.

My ”Aha!” moment came with the introduction of the Australopithecus afarensis species into the picture. I find its body structure of long arms and short legs very amusing together with its internal structure. The reason for choosing this topic is that, the human characteristic was not born with us since the beginning of time, but it took us time to come and adapt these characteristics. Therefore, the modern human characteristics is not as a result of invention, but a transitional evolution from our ancestors and these same characteristics, we do relate to and apply them in our daily lives irrespective of category. These human characteristics have helped in changing the world and are the reason as to why we are human.

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