Author: chris

Myriad sources of international law

Usually, legal practitioners argue that international law has different interpretations sources and applicability than the domestic territorial laws (Born, 2007). International law either in itself general and particular is identical from relations in the international arena between countries and its myriad sources are actually questionable. Born, (2007) defines International treaties as components of international laws where it enforces countries into binding legal international relations. The myriad origins of international laws are indicated as basis from which customs and rules can be analyzed and evaluated. Ideally, sources refer to all the materials, procedures and processes from which the international law can be dug out.  Article 38 of international court of justice is generally inferred as to elaborate on the sources of international law. Generally, the article recognize courts to apply all technical, and standards covering convections, custom, and generally applied principles to determine the content of international from which the court extract its jurisdiction towards judicial rulings and decisions.  In addition, other international organizations such as the United Nations and the general states are recognized by the article to be the sources of international laws. In nutshell, sources of international laws include the treaties, international custom and the general principles applied in the international court.

Custom

            Custom refer to a social setting where specific behaviors are generally accepted and where these codes are considered as opinio juris by the law enforcements (Dodge, 2005). In addition, legal practices are generally recognized and observed. International laws recognize the common practices applicability to international jurist courts jurisdictions. Within the contemporary legal systems, especially in the developed world, international customs are based on the diplomacy, exchange of nation’s relations or the laws of different countries and the customary relations between countries. Custom as a source of international law is supported in action by two schools of thoughts and in particular the positivism school of thought.

Positivism

School of positivism resulted from the philosophical movement in German and Austria in the 19^th century. This school attempted to logically evaluate and analyze statements about religion and ethics as part of international laws. Since positivism recognized natural custom to define how people ought to live and behave, international law was practically considered as identical with natural morality and custom (Born, 2007).

Supportive cases

The Paquette Habana

            This case is observed and recognized as precedent case that support international law as part of a country laws. In this regard from the ruling of Justice Gray, Paquette Habana became classical declaration to integrate custom under international laws in legal systems and acted as pillar in international relations judicial decision (Dodge, 2005). 

The S.S. Lotus

            The international court of justice recognized S.S Lotus principle as jurisprudence to accommodate the actions and the laws of countries to protect sovereignty and its people (Docket XI. 1927).  The principle applies where a country cannot precede its jurisdiction to criminal liabilities to foreigners. In such circumstances, the special agreement between states permits extension of jurisdiction to foreigners. International law virtually precludes discretions of individual sovereign state in matters concerning criminal liability if no treaty exists between countries.

The Asylum Case

The case issue focused on the establishment of custom under the international law. Actually, the case held that Columbian government could not grant an asylum on political base attaching Peruvian citizens. For custom to be established in the international relation, it must be under a treaty or proved to exist constantly and carried out by the parties in consideration consistently.

Nicaragua vs. US

In this case, the Nicaragua military forces supported the El Salvador and United States funded for rivals. This contributed an economic blow to Nicaragua and the troops invaded and infringed Nicaragua air space. Nicaragua’ filed a suit in the international court for Justice against the United States. Article 36 of international statutes where ICJ bases its jurisdiction examined the customer relationship and capacity between both parties. Customary relationship was therefore important in the case. Some of the facts in the case included violation of treaty, violation of the international laws, cross border militia attack and support or self-defense by United States and Nicaragua’s. The court held that for customary law to apply all parties involved in the suit including El Salvador had to have a common treaty and charged together. All treaties have customary law elements, are treated independently, on separate subject matters.

Question two

 What is a treaty?

            A treaty can be defined as an agreement between states in writing, governed and written under international laws requirement and can be a single or more instruments (Gehr, 2009). A treaty is referred by others countries as territorial conventions, protocols and states written agreements. Under international law, treaties must be enforced and complied. There must be consent between the parties to a treaty and consequences related to breach and withdrawal is diverse.

What limitations are there to treaties with respect to the separation of powers under US law?

Limitation regarding separation of powers under the US laws and the treaties is well supported by Nicaragua vs. US case. The court could not incorporate the U.S facts in the case ruling. Customary laws are enacted in the international laws as enacted under the national constitution. Limitation prevails where customary laws are incorporated in treaties. This makes customary laws applicability and enforcement is different from the treaty itself. In fact, the customary laws and treaty agreements should be of the same content, executed by both parties uniformly and consistently otherwise limitation will exist in enforcement and in judicial rulings (Gehr, 2009). Treaties can be termed as declaratory, crystallized and developed norms, and generate effects of codifying treaties.

Declaratory

            Treaties are agreements between countries. Agreements exist due to one territory engaging into contractual mandate and declaring it as part of law (Gehr, 2009). Thus, treaties are declarations of a country. For example of a treaty that can also be declaratory in its applicability and enforcement, generating norms and being declared p[art of law is the Kyoto protocol.

Crystallizing

Crystallizing refers to making different norms, convections and values developing one convectional rule. Treaties condense customary norms of countries into one rule and can result into integrated norms, standards and principles.

The generating effects of codifying treaties

            Treaties are contractual obligation between states that starts from developing, executing, interpretation, applying and terminating under the general governing criteria of international customary law.  In order for international law to regulate and enforce laws, it requires a unified legal mechanism and framework. This unifying framework is generally a function of international relation provide by international customary norms (Gehr, 2009).  Generating effects of codifying treaties arise from transforming international community laws and customary norms conflicts. Codification provisions, which are generated effect from treaty codification, arise due to the integration of customary norms into international laws.

Under international Law, what are the grounds for interpretation and termination of Treaties?

According to Gehr, (2009) like other interpretations in literatures, treaties are interpreted in good faith and in accordance of ordinary meaning of words and phrases on the covered framework, to shed more light to the purpose and the subject matters. Unlike the domestic laws and legal systems, international laws do not have legislators house of chambers or independent commissions top formulate and enhance its enforcement. Usually, international law makers are the subjects on the legal system. These laws are laws created through cooperation, essentially depend on the agreement, and consent between the members. International law is composed by the generally accepted principles of law and the international ethics, norms and values under the customary law. Interpretation and termination of the law conversely depend on the understanding, applicability and enforcement of the parties involved. In this respect, no a single party can impose on interpretation and termination grounds of the other parties.

Contemporary legal professionals are argued as mediators and arbitrators of international relations disputes (Gehr, 2009). In this regard, they turn to be the interpreters and providers of termination of treaties grounds. Legal scholars similarly facilitate the negotiation and the signing of agreement in a protocol. Provision of breach and termination are usually included in the codification provisions. Treaties are made through agreement and termination can follow the same procedure of accord by giving notice with adequate time (Born, 2007). In other cases, interpretation can be through national legislators such as the congress. The congress can in fact develop and enforce retaliatory laws against treaties to make them invalid or to terminate them.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Introduction

Information systems and software applications are quickly mounting in size and complexity and are fundamental in helping individuals and organizations attain their goals. Generally, system software is a compilation of programs that interrelates between hardware and software applications which can be proprietary or off the shelf to enable individuals in organizations solve problems and execute specific tasks. System software incorporates the operating system, utility programs, and middleware. An Information system incorporates computer-based components and manual components that collects, stores, and manages data for information output to users. Through Information systems, an organization can potentially identify and address various scopes of problems and opportunities in its field of influence. Today, organizations have developed proprietary application software that provides a competitive advantage in the compelling business world. Since a system entails organization, integration, and central objectives, we are therefore going to focus on some information systems and software applications available in various organizational departments within a company.

I. Accounts Department

Accounting Information System (AIS)

The AIS is a system that collects, processes, and distributes accounting information to interested parties. This may range from evidential documents showing transactions, events, records, work sheets, trial balances and other financial statements which may either be manual or computerized. The AIS helps in compiling accounting information that is reported to managers for use in general operations and other non-routine decision making (Hall, 2008). This information can also be reported to external parties such as creditors, stockholders, and various government agencies.

II. Finance Department

Management Information Systems (MIS)

MIS system helps in the collection, collation, and processing of financial elements of data association with the organization and intimately works with the accounts department. Financial information in assorted forms usually matters to a variety of people, both inside and outside the organization. The MIS is a powerful multi-user application software used in business management and mainly integrates record and file locking for financial data integrity. An financial MIS provides comprehensive information on accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and other numerous applications. Financial transactions, processing, and enterprise resource planning system significantly captures organization’s financial data that is also used by other functional information systems. The financial information can be used as a forecasting tool (Bidgoli, 2010).

III. Marketing Department

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems

The CRM system helps in marketing, sales, and maintains a cordial customer service aspect of doing business. The CRM software provides a service scheduler mechanism for various activities and schedules them by resource, time, or service. The software also contains a marketing automation module that helps in assembling customers or guide lists, creates and tracks marketing campaign progress (Wisner, Tan & Leong, 2008). Its campaign wizard assists in the distribution of ‘’e-mail blasts’’ to targeted lists, and automatically tracks responses. Some CRM applications allows users to effortlessly customize views and business logics with the intention of automating repetitive tasks, and transfer data to other functional applications for analysis.

Conclusion

By exemplifying some of the use of information systems and software applications in organizational departments, the performance are apprised to ascertain its usefulness in an organizational context. The applications and systems are functionally flexible in some circumstances no matter how and where they are used in various business organizations.  The use of these applications and systems improves on speed, reliability, and radical change in general at the operational, tactical, or strategic level in the company or anywhere else in the organizational departments.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

The Gulf of Mexico oil spill is regarded as the worst environmental disaster in the United States. It persisted for three months since April of the year twenty ten, often termed as the biggest unintentional marine oil spill. It spread over the Louisiana coastline and affected the marine ecosystem, involving Open Ocean and coastal habitats. These host various species such as corals, planktons, sea grasses, mangroves, fishes, mollusks, turtles, and shrimps among others. It acts as nesting ground for turtles and seabirds.

The spill arose from an oil gusher in the sea bed. B.P was identified as solely responsible for the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and therefore, was held responsible for cleanup to try manage the spill. It resulted to eleven people loosing their lives while seventeen more others were injured. Efforts to stop the gushing oil seemed fruitless until the spill reached close to four point nine million crude oil barrels. The leakage was managed through inserting a cap on the gushing wellhead (Farrell, 2011). Following then spill, various environmental issues arose which included threatening the marine life as fishes e.g. dead dolphins as well as ecological aspects as tourism and wildlife habitats. Shrimps were also affected adversely by the tar. Besides, the grass in the marsh was dying while the crude oil was noticed offshore in deep sea floor as well as onshore on the sandy beaches of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.

To manage the issue, containment booms, skimmer vessels, anchored blockade, sand-packed barricade as well as dispersants were employed to safeguard the marshland, beaches as well as estuaries. Remote underwater equipments were used to close the well-head valves, which proved futile. Consequently, they used a containment dome, which did not work due to formation of methane hydrate crystals, which obstructed the top gap. Fortunately, the containment cap was replaced with a functional one, which stopped the leakage following the closure of blowout preventer valves (Scholastic, 2010). Nuclear physicists also weighed on the options of applying convectional explosives to clog the well but this was risky mission since any failure would make the other options useless. The strategies aimed to contain the oil on the surface, dilute and prevent it from moving to susceptible regions and eventually clean it up. Containment boom and the sand blockade were used to prevent further spread of the crude oil to more sensitive areas since it naturally dispersed via storm, osmosis and ocean currents. Chemical dispersants were crucial to enhance microbial oil digestion. To clean the oil from water, it could either be burnt, filtered, collected or administer genetically modified microbes to consume the oil (Farrell, 2011).

Although deep leakages and warm water in the Gulf of Mexico prevented great damage to the environment, the toxicity and oxygen exhaustion led to more damages. This posed a threat to national parks as well as over four hundred species that inhabit the region. More so, the turtles, birds, mollusks, fish, marine mammals and crustaceans died and became contaminated as a result. Besides, tourism sector was devastated, leading to heavy economic losses being incurred in the Gulf coast. The cord-grass marshland in south Louisiana was essential as nurseries for young shrimps, breeding for blue crabs as well as a blockade to calm down the waves. Following the spill however, the grass died. The spill was timely on hatching & rearing season for alligators and shrimps, which caused them to get deep into the water in search of food, further worsening the situation (Scholastic, 2010).

The Gulf Oil Spill relates to the Saint Leo core values of respect and responsible Stewardship. Respect involves value for unique talents that persons are gifted with, appreciation for diversity and united efforts to interchange ideas, learn and coexist harmoniously. Consequently,  the gulf spill called for the efforts of environmentalists, the government, nuclear physicist and other scientists who united their talents to come up with a lasting solution to curb the spill, minimize environmental effects and in cleanup efforts. Individuals involved in such efforts particularly in the cleanup had to endure health hazards for the welfare of the marine environment and the society at large. Responsible stewardship involves appreciating the great resources bestowed on us hence, resourcefulness is vital for the benefit of entire society. The resources at our disposal aided in drafting a long-term solution to the environmental disaster and to safeguard the ecological biodiversity. Such a spirit was able to generate a solution to manage the disaster for the benefit of all humans and the marine ecosystem.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Introduction

The poisonwood Bible is a novel written by Barbara Kingsolver during 1998. The author deploys the use of the contextual complexities of the family set up to pass across her major themes in the book. The principal focus is the clash of cultures whereby the author goes ahead to describe the first hand experiences of the family members of Mr. Price, who had arrived in Congo during 1959 on a missionary work (Fulkerson 12). At this time there were intense political upheavals in the Republic of Congo. Orleanna Price and the four daughters of the Mr. Price family are faced with the challenge of coping up with the harsh conditions in Congo, while their father, Mr. Nathan Prices succumbs to madness during his actions of trying to convince the inhabitants of Congo villages to practice the doctrines of Christianity. The troubles that the Mr. Price family is facing is so intense that it reached to a life threatening level due to the fact that the Congolese were fighting for their independence from two colonial powers, Belgium and the United States of America. The author manages to integrate the colonial politics in the context of the family set up in order to bring his key themes of the book (Hamilton and Jones 56). This essay researches on the theme of the western cultural superiority in the Poisonwood Bible.

The Poisonwood Bible narrates the political upheaval that rocked Congo during the 60s and later times. The theme of western cultural superiority is one of the fundamental themes evident in the plot development of the novel, in the sense that many other themes can be drawn from the development of the theme of western cultural superiority (Kingsolver par. 6). Western cultural superiority, in the context of the Poisonwood Bible, can be defined as the arrogance of the culture of the western countries with respect to the cultures of the Congolese. The theme of western superiority can be highlighted by a critical analysis of the overall perceptions of the western ideologies towards the African traditions, and an analysis of the character actions in the novel. The cultural arrogance of the west in the Poisonwood can be described as an ardent indictment associated with the western colonialism and the durations after the period of colonialism. Nathan Price is the principal driver of the theme of western cultural superiority as evident in his actions and perceptions towards African religious views (Linda 88). Nathan motive, as developed in the plot of the novel, was to overturn the religious traditions of the Congolese people and have them replaced by his views on what religion should entail. Almost all the non-African characters in the book portrayed some element of western cultural superiority in their actions. For instance, Lea’s preliminary certainty in the activities of her father and negative perceptions of Africa, each of the character portrayed in the book have some element of confidence that their coming to Africa was meant to bring a superior way of life to the inhabitants of the continent. The western attitudes are presented through the wife and daughters of Mr. Price, who is the chief character in fostering the aspect of superiority of the western culture. Nathan’s attitude towards the Congolese people can be seen as cultural arrogance and a misunderstanding of the West towards the African way of life (Thomas 56).

Western hegemony is one of the principal themes in the Poisonwood Bible. The western cultural superiority aspect can be viewed from two fundamental aspects, whereby the author explores the theme from a local level and at the political level. At the local level, the author poses a debate concerning the merits associated with the identification of the western perceptions on religion and integrating them into the African cultures. These differences between the African approach to the religion and the western ideologies on the same are greatly evident on Mr. Nathan Price struggles on imposing the doctrines of Christianity on the Congolese villagers. On the other hand, the Congolese villages perceive the aspect of religion in a more practical manner as opposed to mere preaching, that was being done by Mr. Price. A typical scenario of the practicality concept of African religion is depicted by how the people of Kilanga decide on the gods that they worship depending on the effectiveness of the gods protection from diseases, floods and any other disasters. Mr. Price cannot seem to have an understanding of the religious views of the Congolese, especially due to the fact that the Congolese villages perceive the matters of food and survival are being of ultimate importance compared to what Mr. Nathan refers to as eternal life (Thomas 67). The superiority of the western culture is evident in this case because Nathan overlooks the religious concepts of the Congolese villagers and aims at converting them to adapt the doctrines of Christianity. According to Mr. Price, this approach to religion is vague. Nathan is portrayed to be ignorant of his present context, and he proceeds to preach what is morally and religiously right according to him, what Nathan does not take into account are the underlying conditions that the Africans are facing that have an effect on their perceptions of what true religion is, that is, the god that tends to their needs. At the political level, the author provides an overview of the superiority of the western methods of governance in the traditional African context, despite the fact the African are not ready for such systems of governance. The Congolese people are accustomed to the rich cultures and traditions that are passed on from generation to generation, and that is what keeps them going. The Congolese find it difficult to adapt to a democratic system, whereby the majority are given an opportunity to rule, while the opinions of the minority population are not put into consideration (Hamilton and Jones 89). The outcome of these differences due to western homogeneity is the increase in the levels of dictatorships as the United States and Belgium force their way to have control of Congo, while the Congolese are resisting such attempts in order to gain independence. The help of the western cultural superiority in the Poisonwood Bible is when the United States government felt that they were entitled to assassinate the Congo’s president, and replace him with their own puppet ruler. This openly denotes the way in which the western colonial powers perceived cultures and governance system of the Africans as ineffective, and thus they have an entitlement to deploy their systems of governance, which they perceive as superior to the people of Congo (Kingsolver par. 4).

As a critique to the western ways of life, the author introduces Brother Fowles, a character that the author uses to criticize the perceptions that the western way of life is more superior to others. Fowles represents an alternate approach to religion in the sense he acknowledges that the Congolese are more religious, only that it is usually hard to notice. In addition, Fowles is a representation of pantheism, holding the view that all creatures have the same divinity, and that the Congolese are divine in their own way. The difference between Brother Fowles perceptions towards religion and that of Nathan Price brings out the theme of western superiority. According to Nathan Price, Christianity is based on the aspect of the Protestant work ethic established by social theorist Max Weber, who suggested that Protestantism focused on working for salvation (Linda 89). This approach differed with the African approach to religion in the sense that working for salvation was not a key requirement, a theory that Nathan Price deployed during his preaching’s. Therefore, Nathan can be perceived to have undermined the aspect of pantheism associated with the African religion, while perceiving his approaches to religion as being superior to the African views on religion. At the end of the book, Leah and Anatole pose their imaginations regarding how Africa would be if the Europeans had not explored the continent, according to them they perceive Africa as being characterized by an economic utopia. This economic ideal was the state of affairs at the Kilanga area, where the Price family had resided, however, the western ideologies coupled with the colonial rule shattered this economic system (Linda 91).

Another way to view the theme of western cultural superiority in the Poisonwood bible is to analyze the struggle for religion in the African context. As a fact, Christianity did not receive a favorable welcome from the Congolese villages because it was perceived to be a religion that suited the ways of life for the western people. The religious struggles are depicted when Nathan Price attempts to introduce the religious ideologies of the west in the Congolese context. This struggle is further evident by a language misunderstanding of Mr. Nathan Price that results to his shifting of the blame to his interpreter. The underlying argument is that Christianity was not suited to meet the needs of the Congolese villagers, and despite this, Nathan could not stop at his quest to introduce western religious aspects such as his attempt to baptize children in a river that is well known to be full of crocodiles. Such an ordeal serves to undermine the African needs at the expense of trying risky ventures for the sake of fostering western religions on the people of Congo (Kingsolver par. 6).

Conclusion

The theme of western cultural superiority to other cultures has been evident almost in every plot development of the novel. The author presents this theme by focusing from a religious and political perspective, whereby Nathan Price’s objective was to overturn the aspects of African traditions without having a critical analysis of the needs of the African people. The political perspective of the theme is fostered by the colonial powers in their quest to change the government and the economic system of the people of Congo. Despite the cultural differences, most of the characters in the book opted to adapt to the African way of life, contrary to upholding the western culture, which did not seem to blend well in the African context

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

To nurses and medical students, the book by Carolyn Jarvis is important as it contains a variety of texts that is pivotal in the treatment as well as accessing of patients. The text is instrumental in accessing various problems that the patient might be encountering in their lives as far as their health is concerned. The book contains various assessments of the parts of people’s body, which is important in enlightening people on the various parts of their bodies and the causes of pains they may be undergoing through. The assessment, especially on the abdominal pains is essential in critical thinking of the student.

A description is given of a patient with an age of 38 years, and a female. Another important thing to note about the patient is that she is of Hispanic origin. Though the patient is learned and a graduate in criminal justice, it is notable that she is not employed. When it comes to the marital status, it is also notable that the patient is single. The complaint that the patient has is notably abdominal pain. According to Saunders, there are several causes of abdominal pains among women. It is not always obvious that the pain is caused by complications in the abdomen that there are abdominal pains experienced due to the neighboring organs. Pain may also be due to the organs close to the abdomen, for example from such parts of the body like the kidney (Jarvis, 2008). The only way to be sure is clear assessment if the patient and also looking back to the clinical history of the patient. The age of the patient is also an important consideration as young females who are not of the age of bearing children tend to have different causes of pain from the ones who are in the age of bearing children. In this scenario, at the age of 38, the patient is in the age of bearing children. At this age, there is a likelihood of the patient suffering due to such complications that occur to women who are in child bearing period.

History of present illness

According to the patient, the illness started for days ago. The pain in the abdomen is achy and also cramping. There are also incidents of nausea as well as vomiting. It is also notable there rare no incidents of diarrhea and also lying on the side minimizes the pain that is being experienced.

Medical history

The patient has a notable past medical history of smoking regularly; the parents of the patient are also notably dead. The patient has two brothers and two sisters; the number is similar when it comes to children as she has two children. Socially the patient is good with people and she also finds time to get involved with other people, especially her friends. The patient is also notably involved in social occasions, especially the ones that involve the environment around her. Sexually, the patient has for the recent years not been in a stable relationship. After she broke up with the father of her children, she took it upon herself to cater for her children and in turn, she has no time to be involved in sexual relationships.

Review of Systems

The most effective thing of distinguishing the organic and the non-organic causes of pain are history and examination of the patient. The history of the patient is notably the most important thing in the diagnoses of the patient. It is after the review of both the objective and subjective information that the right medication is likely to be prescribed for the patient. Subjective information: the Pt was voidable after sometimes the vomiting seemed to decline as well as nausea. Objective information: the stomach tended to be soft and also non tender. Bowel sounds were evident in the four quadrants, flatus were also evident in this scenario. Further, the patient had notable ten pound loss after admission in the hospital.

Nursing DX

The DX information is important ensuring that the patient gets the right diagnoses. In this case, the DX can be painful discomfort: achy abdomen discomfort caused due to UTI. The four quadrants should be accessed to determine which one of them is problematic. Only after the lab testing that the problem can be resolved. The assessment exercises that the nurses usually should carry out in this case include the following. Accessing the health history of the patient, performing physical examination, accessing the ADLs that are present in the patient, reviewing the signs, the symptoms, and complications according to the medical condition are th4 ways the nurse should follow in accessing the patient. Finally, there is reviewing of the conditions and the treatment the patient is undergoing. Much can be learnt through this exercise, when it comes to the symptoms the crampy pain experienced by the patient can be the main cause of vomiting as vomiting relieves it.

Plan

The main goals of this assessment are to get the main cause of the pain which the patient is experiencing. Through critical thinking and judging by the symptoms the patient is experiencing, the cause of the pain is going to be revealed in this particular exercise. Also notable is the fact that the interventions needed in ensuring that the pain does not persist will also be accessed and determined again through critical thinking.

After the return of the results of the tests done on abdominal cramping, nausea and vomiting, the fact that the complains by the patient are some what subjective. It is important for the nurse to get to know whether the symptoms after the diagnoses are in existence and if such are in existence they should be reported. Since the patient is vomiting, there is the risk that the patient is likely to be dehydrated. In turn, there will be a likelihood of a fluid imbalance that will case electrolyte imbalance in the intestine due to the blockage of hydrochloric acid and potassium. In an attempt to restore the lost balance of fluids that is not in existence, the patient must be orally involved in replacing the fluids. The nurse should keep monitoring the progress of the patient to ensure that the metabolism needs are met (Cox, 2009). Another way of minimizing abdominal distention that may be in existences is by encouraging the patient to be ambulant so as to expel flatus that she may be having.

The evaluation of the patient will also be a means of getting the right diagnosis of the patient, and also observance of the success achieved in this particular exercise. Through observance by the nurse, tests needs to be carried out to ensure that there is improvement of the health of the patient. Also inclusive is asking of questions by the nurse of the feeling the patient is encountering at that particular point after the medication is commissioned.

Summary

            As the symptoms revealed by the patient are keen to note the problem that the patient is experiencing is being brought out by excessive pain in the abdomen section. Though there are so many causes of pain in this section of the body, accessing in detail the pain section is an important tool in knowledge of the cause. According to the description of the patient, the symptoms tend to favor the pancreatitis as the main cause of the pain. However, this can not be summed up to be the way to go as medication is considered as tests have to be carried out to determine the true cause of the pain. Using the right review question is considerably the best way to ensure that the right medication is reached at. However, it is notable that the right intervention measures have to be arrived at when the problem has been found out. Having the medication prescribed also calls for observance by the nurses of how the patient is responding to the treatment as different people respond to treatment differently. If incase there are no  visible changes of success that is achieved due to the medication, there is need to get some more tests done to ensure that the real cause of the problem is reached at. In this case, the problem is abdominal pain. Through accessing the symptoms laid down by the patient, the treatment is easily likely to be reached at. There are no conceivable barriers to the carrying out of the testing as the patient though Hispanic is learned.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) was a significant natural documentary photographer as well as a photojournalist in the U.S, particularly famous for Depression-era as well as Farm Security Administration (Cole 1). Her photos were especially touching on the effects of the period of the Great Depression. Her work has gone a long way in influencing documentary photography.

Having schooled at the New York, she became apprenticed in various photography studios in the city such as Arnold Genthe. By the year 1918, Lange had gone to San Francisco where she established as portrait studio (Cole 23).

During the Great Depression, Lange drifted her attention from the confinements of the studio into the streets. This is where she started researching on unemployment and homelessness, which triggered the consideration of local photographers resulting to her to secure a job with the federal agency, Farm Security Administration (FSA) in 1935. Her remarried husband Paul Schuster Taylor, who was an economic professor at the University of California, Berkeley proved very important in building her career. He taught her on political as well as social aspects, which resulted to them documenting impoverishment in the rural areas, labor migration and exploitation of sharecroppers (Lange & Schuster 65). This was documentation about troubled exodus of mostly, women laborers, which highlighted on the attention of the poor who had been neglected by the society through her poignant photographs that attracted the public attention.

Her 1933 White Angel Breadline reflected Aesthetic Realism and contributed to Lange’s popularity, being one of her most renowned photos. It reflected great beauty, and a powerful message of the needs of people in the course of life. A rich widow, Lois Jordan dubbed White Angel, depicted in the photo started a soup kitchen so as to provide food for the impoverished people (Partridge 45). Another of her most touching photograph is that of the Migrant mother, which made a great impact revealing the plight of the migrant laborers. The Migrant mother was one of the photos taken in 1936, at the peak of the Great Depression, which made her famous (Meltzer 399).

In 1951, Lange attended the Photographic Seminar at Aspen, Colorado and Berkeley in 1952 where she explained her Family of Man exhibit to Edward Steichen. Among her great works since this time included Dorothea, 1953, Bad trouble over the weekend, 1964, Walking Wounded, Oakland, 1954, Spring in Berkeley, 1951, Rebecca Chambers, Sausalito, California, 1954, Terrified Horse, Berryessa Valley, 1956, The Oak Outside Dorothea’s Window, 1957, The Big Cat, Berryessa Valley, 1956, In the Doorway of Home, 1964, and Family Portrait, 1965  (Meltzer xiii).

Lange was honored in nineteen forty one with the Guggenheim Fellowship due to her excellent work in photography. Moreover, during assail at Pearl Harbor, Lange neglected the award and entered into recording the compulsory mass departure of Japanese-Americans to the armed relocation camps after the demand by President Franklin Roosevelt. The Japanese Internment was put in place by the US government in the year 1942 for the Japanese who resided along the pacific coast. These people were to be relocated in War Relocation Camps when the imperial Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. As a result, Roosevelt released the Executive Order 9066 which, Led to close to a hundred and twenty thousand Japanese to be moved away from their homes into the Internment camps, claimed to safeguard the welfare of the U.S citizens. During this time, Lange was working with the War Relocation Authority (WRA) (Meltzer 242). Here she covered the plight of the Japanese Americans in these camps especially the Manzanar camp. She photographed their children pledging allegiance to the national flag before their relocation to the camp, having been detained without being criminals or being allowed to appeal. The photos were impounded by the army claiming racial and civil rights, which affected her negatively.

She later joined the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA) as faculty. In 1952, she initiated the Aperture, which is a photographic magazine and was later commissioned to documentary photograph for Life Magazine e.g. Three Mormon Towns (1954), and Death of a Valley (1960), which depicted on the demise of Monticello, California as well as the inhabitant’s dislocation though Putah Creek damming to form Lake Berryessa. However, the magazine failed to convey the work and so she did it on the Aperture. Until 1972, her work had gone unnoticed but in this year, the Whitney Museum took her twenty seven photos to exhibition dubbed Executive Order 9066, which portrayed the Japanese internment in the Second World War.

Her health however, deteriorated due to gastric disorders such as bleeding ulcers (Meltzer 242) and post-polio syndrome but died of esophageal cancer in 1965, just when she was awarded by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1966.  On 28^th may, 2008 Arnold Schwarzenegger, the California governor together with Maria Shriver, The First Lady declared her initiation in the California hall of Fame, in The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in a ceremony held on 15^th December where Lange’s son received the award. Besides, National Women’s Hall of Fame initiated in 1969 recognizes women who have made major impact in the U.S. In the year 2003, Dorothea Lange was inducted as a documentary photographer, who involved political and social experiences in her work (Partridge 36).

Lange’s work incorporated aesthetic as well as humanistic approaches, which have been neglected by the 1980 and 1990 documentary photographers. As a result, the social implications of her work have been echoed by various authors as, Robert Coles on his 1982 essay, Karin Ohrn 1983, James Curtis 1989, James Guimond 1991, Beverly Brannan 1988, Maren Stange 1989 Elizabeth Partridge 1994 among others (Meltzer xx). She has also been celebrated in various exhibitions in the U.S and abroad. This has involved main retrospection in San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1994. Moreover, the Exhibition Catalogue gives a new perspective on the memoirs as well as social context of appreciating her work. All these works allows interested individuals to understand the photographer in relation to public service and personal perceptions. Besides they help in ensuring her persistence even after several decades since her death (Meltzer xx). Museum of Modern Art continues to exhibit her photographs, which has gone a long way in aiding female students to become interested in the field.

In conclusion, Dorothea Lange can be termed as a female photographer of all times who related documentary and photojournalist genres. She documented the shift on the home-front for ethnic groups and laborers, devastated by the WWII. She was there to document the various changes that America was undergoing through. Her photographic work reveals compassion and intellect as well as deep empathy for the subjects. She nevertheless did not term herself as being an artist, but lived a visual life in a field considered to be men’s thus, was sensitive to women s needs

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Altruism involves foregoing someone’s own preferences and focusing on other people’s preferences. Altruism is basically a mind set where one feels the urge to help others, and if well practiced, it can last a life time of a child. Involvement of children in altruism activities not only helps them learn the concept, but also get to have an experience with it.

In schools, teachers can be of help in instilling altruism in children through having the children interview volunteers in the society. Since volunteers do not need anything to be offered in order to people in the society, teachers can take the initiative of inviting these people in the classrooms and giving children a chance of interviewing them. Through these interviews, a child can get to learn the motivations that these people have as well as the various experiences that these people have gone through. However, it is even better if the volunteers are from different organizations as children have the chance of learning a wide range experience from them. After carrying out the interviews to these people, the teacher can give a chance to the children to discuss what they found out about the activities of the volunteers. Such a move tends to instill a sense of altruism, as they can be able to relate with the experiences shared by the volunteers (Murphy Para 2).

Still in classrooms, children can be subjected to teachings about bystander activities. The importance of having these activities is to make sure that children learn the various factors that influence altruism. Through such efforts, children tend to put into consideration the reasons why people help strangers, while others do not. Usually, this is done through a process, for a child is required to identify a stranger who may be in need of help. After this, a child is required to have a prediction on whether the bystanders are likely to help the stranger and justifies the prediction he gives out. Finally, the children can be called upon to share their findings on how to promote altruism by making a list of the various factors. As a way of ensuring that the children get to understand the importance of having altruism, they can be engaged in discussions and even made to write about development of altruism.

Parents, especially mothers can be of help in development of altruism among their children. They can do these by practicing altruism. Sometimes, instead of sending the child to do some activity for them, they may do them and even do the same for the child. Through this, a child is likely to learn having altruism in him/herself as children are great observers of the things that are happening around them (Karniol 308). Parents and guardians can also be an encouragement to children on the importance of having altruism in their lives. Teachers can also open up a session in a classroom, where the children learn the various needs of the society. Children can also be required to note them down with an aim of discussing them and also determining whether the various needs are met in the society. After determining the various needs in the society, the class may develop a project on how best to fulfill these needs. During development of the project of solving the problems, children are likely to develop teamwork as well as altruism.

Development of altruism in a child can best be done when the child is together with other children. When such happens, children are likely to share various experiences in life where altruism is being practiced or needed (Sartorius 177). Through the above mentioned activities, the concept of altruism can easily be instilled in a child.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Question: What effects did the Beer Hall Putsch have on the Nazi Party?

The Beer Hall Putsch was a unsuccessful endeavor during revolution, which happened at 1923 November. It is a time when Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party failed in attaining power in Munich. He attempted to seize German Weimar Republic and initiate right wing nationalism. The Beer Hall Putsch was an opportunity for Hitler to expose his political ideologies. Besides, it enhanced the influence of Hitler and aided in the growth of Nazi party. Hitler commanded Nazi soldiers referred to as storm troopers to meet up with powerful political officials at beer hall, Munich, Germany staging a trial to conquer power over Bavarian government (MobileReference, 2005).

They utilized Munich beer hall, Bürgerbräukeller to demonstrate their rebel for the Wilmer Republic political leadership with the help of SA officials timely when von Kahr was addressing three thousand individuals. At the time the hall was guarded by six hundred SA with a machine gun towards the auditorium entry. Hitler and his partners were able to pass through maintaining that “The national revolution has broken out! The hall is filled with six hundred men. Nobody is allowed to leave. The Bavarian government and the government at Berlin are deposed. A new government will be formed at once. The barracks of the Reichswehr and those of the police are occupied. Both have rallied to the swastika” (Lemons, 2005). He demanded the support of Von Kahr, Von Lossow and Von Seisser at gun point but von Kahr could not cooperate and this annoyed Hitler. This was irrespective of being offered a senior position if he would cooperate, but this did not intimidate him. In the hall, no person could move out as they were advised to calm down. Hitler addressed the crowd stating that von Kahr had supported him but this was not the case, which altered their attitudes immediately while maintaining that he was not opposed to von Kahr. The government officials were confused not to mention the loyalty of the citizens (Evans, 2004).

The Nazi party was growing rapidly but it was just considered as one of the right wing parties in the nation prior to the events at Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler utilized his wrath towards yhe Berlin Government. His followers by then were few but he relied on Munich citizens although it did not materialize. On this particular day the Bavarian Gustav Kahr, the Prime Minister, had been addressing prominent personnel at the beer hall. Hitler and the six hundred SA stormed the meeting. Once it was over, Hitler had not realized his error in letting von Kahr and his associates to go free since they reported the incidence. The central government demanded the arrest of the Nazi but this did not intimidate Hitler who hoped that his appealing to the political and armed forces would win their trust and that of the Nazi party to demonstrate against oppressive leadership of the central government.

Besides, he felt courageous since Luderndorff was leading the demonstration thus, was hopeful that they wouldn’t be fired since Luderndorff was a popular war hero. On his march to the central Munich together with the three thousand followers they were confronted with armed forces and police who fired shots killing 16 Nazi and 3 police officers while Hitler suffered an upset shoulder. He escaped the scene but was arrested after two days and accused of high treason and a five years imprisonment. The Monarchists were accused of trying to seize power from Bavarian government.  He used the trial to state his good intentions and his political ideas, which was publicized in the newspapers, as the initial exposure to a national wide responsiveness and propaganda.  His trial impressed the judge who reduced the sentence to eight months. As a result, Hitler’s party became even more popular as the sixteen deaths referred to as “blood martyrs” and imprisonment comprised of the Nazi propaganda. If this did not occur, he and his Nazi party would remain unpopular (Scheck, 1998).

Regarding the events, different perspectives have been aired regarding the political situation in Germany. According to Hodge, he terms the event as ‘dustbin of history’ if Hitler did not acquire the leadership (2010).  Sarat on the other hand maintains that it initiated a period of ritualized violence on the political rivals “designed to symbolize threat and retaliation, shaming and degradation, and demoralizing of enemies (Sarat, 2009 p.31). It marked the period of military dictatorship as Ludendorff got involved with the National Socialist on a weak relationship which was marked by ideological ambiguities. Ludendorff reflected the opinions of paramilitary groups thus were involved with Hitler whom he thought had political knowledge, rhetorical skills and a propaganda expert to attract the masses (Lemons, 2005). Hitler “was a master of rhetoric supportive of a sentimentalized view of order and control and brilliant street tactician of chaos and the timing of it…he utilized encoded presentations that promised a new ethical and moral order whose long-term aim was racial genocide” (Sarat, 2009 p. 34)

While in Landsberg prison, Hitler reconsidered his political motives and decided to operate within legal limits or constitutional means and not seizing power from the Wilmer Republic by creation of a political party to run for elections. Besides, the party was outlawed in Bavaria although its involvement in elections in nineteen twenty four was renamed as National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB). On the other hand, the Germans voted for the party during the elections in May, nineteen twenty four but lost eighteen seats in December the same year. The Nazi Party (NSDAP) was not doing well politically having few votes in three years. As a result, Hitler saw the need to inform the Germans of his political motives, which led to his authoring the Zweites Buch (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2006). As a result, the SA considered communist aspects where during March 1929 there was a representation of the party for presidential vote by Erich Ludendorff although he lost greatly.

The party involved in violent counterattacks, they were outlawed and consequently the party acquired much victory in Germany with much financial costs incurred during the campaigns. To oppose the legal backdrop the SA initiated anti-Jewish exploitation. Nazism characterized by mass demonstrations was taking over the control of the nation irrespective of divided loyalty from the Germans. It was the main political party in German Reichstag but had no majority votes, thus Hitler could not become a chancellor although the authoritarian system worked to his advantage becoming a chancellor. Eventually, they seized control over the society between 1931 and 1933 and initiated dictatorial control, which is regarded as a period of totalitarian rule for 12 years (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2006).

In conclusion, leadership was crucial irrespective of it being good or bad as demonstrated by the totalitarian leadership of the Nazi regime. Most importantly, it modified politics of the 20^th century. It led to the shift in politics opting for democracy while the monarchies collapsed.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Introduction

The Omaha people one of the federally recognized Native Americans tribe found in Northeastern part of Nebraska and parts of Iowa in the United States. The Omaha tribe engaged in a treaty with the United States federal government, which played a significant role in the establishment of the Omaha tribal homeland boundaries and the recognition of the independence of their government (Hargrett 78). This paper provides an overview of the total approach to nation building of the Omaha tribes by describing the four elements that are significant in fostering successful tribal economic development with regard to continuity of the government, separation of business from politics and appropriate strategies, and effective utilization of tribal resources.

With regard to government continuity, the research study revealed that the Omaha tribe depends on the tribal law in conjunction with the federal laws to protect their land and the resources found within the tribal boundaries. The political structure and sovereignty of the Ponca tribe is more effective compared to the Omaha tribe. The Ponca tribe political structure is characterized by transparency in the constitution and election processes. Transparency plays a significant role in ensuring the continuity of tribal governments. Contrary to the Omaha tribe, their political structure lacks transparency and equality in the representation of the views of the tribe members (Jorgensen 13).

In terms of separation of business from politics, the Omaha tribe business activities are centrally controlled by the government, in the sense that the tribal Council and the Secretary of Interior are charged with making all the decisions on behalf of the tribe; this implies that there is no separation of business from politics. On the other hand, the Ponca tribe separates its business from politics; this is because the PEDCO is in charge of business aspects while the tribal government is in charge of political matters.

There are also vast differences between the Omaha and the Ponca tribes in terms of implementation of proper strategy. The Omaha tribe focuses on the implementation of short-term goals, which have ultimately resulted to the bankruptcy of tribal business franchises such as the Omaha Casino and limited tribal sovereignty. The Ponca tribe on the other hand has focused on long term strategies, and has ultimately resulted to the success of most of the tribal business franchises, expansion and more tribal control of the community (Molly 2).

Differences as also evident in terms of utilization of tribal resources, the Omaha tribe deploys the use of standard approach, while the Ponca tribes deploys the Nation building approach in order to facilitate the development of their tribal country. The impacts of these differences are notable with differences in the success rates of the two communities (Omahatribe.com).

Notes

The differences in the four elements of successful tribal economic development depicts the significant role that appropriate strategies play in ensuring economic development of sovereign tribes in the United States. The different approaches to continuity of the government, separation of business from politics and appropriate strategies, and effective utilization of tribal resources by the Ponca and Omaha tribe are responsible for the success of one tribe and the failure of another tribe. This is due to the sovereignty of the tribal states as provided for the in the federal constitution. In retrospect, the research identified the Omaha tribe as standard, while the Ponca tribe as Nation building approach.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

1. Implications of Cultural differences in the U.S. society revealed by Joey Skaggs’ Hoax

One of the main outcomes that openly revealed itself from Joey Skaggs’ prank is the cultural intolerance being practiced by various individuals and sectors of the American society. His fictitious name and company was credulous and widely correlated with Korea amongst American public hence the pessimistic responds being directed to the Asian culture in general. Eating dog meat is a cultural taboo in America and so Joey’s hoax was subjected to public and media outrage on the perception that the culture was weird and alien because dogs are considered pets in America.. This outrage was also fuelled by the advertisements which most Americans saw as unnecessary and compelling although it would not create such public uproar in Korea and other parts of Asia. Joey’s hoax confirmed the historical stereotyping of Asians have and the vagaries of cultural chauvinism imminent in American. It also brought forth the low significance of relativity in America although it’s a society that claims to embrace all cultures despite its practices.

2.  The Cultural differences between the U.S. and Sudanese Lost Boys

The story reaffirms the differences in verbal communication, social organization, and the overall cultural values. The Sudanese social structure connects, supports, and incorporates their family, friends, villages, and the nation at large. This is corroborated by their cohesive and affectionate behavior toward each other in response to most cultures in Africa which values and calls for collectivism. This culture is quite unusual as opposed to the American culture which expects one to do everything alone hence encouraging individualism. A cultural difference is also noted in the game of basketball which most American players use their roughness instead of their ‘brains’, therefore depicting the aggressive and assertive nature of the American male. There is also a fundamental cultural difference in housing with one of the Sudanese boys having an anxious feeling towards the size of an apartment building. The Sudanese boys also see a huge cultural difference at the amount of food within American’s disposal and the regularity at which they consume these foods. This documentary is quite riveting and trades in humor and hope rather than the many despairs in life. It also focuses on the integral values that other cultures can bring in solving daily dilemmas in life, while also serving as the basis for new innovations and creativity which embeds in the general society. This film brings out the view that although we might be separated by our cultures, we are all connected by the morals and sense of humanity.

3.  Personal Cultural Identity and Stereotypes Effects

Stereotyping is the false judgment of individuals or groups in dependence on their nationality, race, and sexual orientation, just to name a few. Since I come from an Arabian country, such qualities have relatively characterized my general personality when being stereotyped. People usually form stereotypes out of anger and fear for the main purpose of secluding certain individuals, groups or even nationalities from various agendas, social events or simply for the intentional  purpose of ignoring other views and ideas. Such stereotypes usually impede successful communication due to the wrong fixed perception of one’s personality therefore deeming them contemptible to relate with.

4. High Context and Low Context Cultures

High context cultures is that which the people are perceived to be very homogeneous, in that they have identical experiences, norms, values, and information networks, to name a few. The culture is only seen to be High-context due to the little change occurrence in their history and tradition over time. They are familiar with their environment and can express or even interpret their feelings without saying a word. This culture does not necessarily need the daily transactions in life to communicate and rather do this through gestures, inference, or even silence at times. Since High-context cultures can be nonverbal when interacting, they frequently use an indirect fashion for communication that other cultures cannot easily comprehend. While Low-context cultures is that which the people are perceived to be less homogeneous, mainly because they tend to ‘catalog’ their actions when communicating and interacting with each other. They do not have a common experience and therefore need extensive background details for a successful communication. This also means that they depend on verbal messages. Communicators in Low-context cultures tend to talk more rapidly with a frequently raised voice.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]